Hepatitis A virus you should know !!

Hepatitis A is a disease caused by type A hepatitis virus and attacks human liver cells. Every year in Southeast Asia, hepatitis A cases affect about 400,000 people per year with mortality rates up to 800 people. Most people with hepatitis A are children.

Early symptoms that may arise include fever, nausea, vomiting, joint and muscle pain, and diarrhea. When the liver is already attacked, there are some other symptoms that will appear, namely dark urine, pale stools, jaundice and itching. In addition, the upper right abdominal area will also be painful especially if pressed.

But not all people have symptoms of hepatitis A. Therefore, the disease is sometimes difficult to realize. Only one in ten people with hepatitis A under 6 years old suffer from jaundice. While in adolescents and adults, this disease usually causes more severe symptoms and 70 percent of them will experience jaundice.

Unlike the other two types of hepatitis namely hepatitis B and hepatitis C, infection caused by hepatitis A does not cause long-term liver disorders (chronic), and rarely fatal. However, hepatitis A can lead to the emergence of symptoms of acute liver damage, which is quite dangerous and potentially life-threatening.

Cause and Transmission of Hepatitis A

The cause of this disease is the hepatitis A virus that can spread very easily. The main way of transmission is through food or drink that has been contaminated by stools of hepatitis A. Some risk factors that can increase the spread of this virus include:

• Poor sanitation.
• Contact directly with the person.
• Share a syringe.
• Having sex with people, especially anal sex.
• Men who have sex with men.
• Work in areas related to dirt, eg sewers.

Treatment of Hepatitis A

This disease does not have special handling measures because the immune system will eliminate the virus by itself.

However, your doctor may prescribe medications to relieve the symptoms experienced by the person. Treatment involves taking itchy medication, sickness, nausea and vomiting according to dose. Liver organs also need to be allowed to rest for example by not consuming liquor and be careful with drugs that can affect the liver.

The time it takes the person to fully recover from the disease is usually a few months. Persons who successfully recover completely will have immunity against this disease.

Risk of Hepatitis A Complications

Hepatitis A infection generally does not cause long-term (chronic) liver disease and is rarely fatal. However, this disease has the potential to cause liver failure, especially in those who have had liver disease prior to hepatitis A infection and elderly patients. In addition, in some patients with this infection can relapse or back again.

Ways to Prevent Hepatitis A

Because the main spreading is through the consumption of contaminated things, the main step of prevention of hepatitis A is to maintain cleanliness. This step can be done easily, such as always washing hands, avoid consumption of raw or undercooked foods and avoid consumption of raw water that is not guaranteed cleanliness.

In addition, hepatitis A vaccination can also prevent this disease. Especially for those who have a high risk such as people who suffer from chronic liver disease, as well as users of unsterile needle syringes.

Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment of Measles

Symptoms Measles

The appearance of early symptoms of measles occurs about one to two weeks after contracting the virus. These symptoms will disappear about two weeks later. Here are the initial symptoms that will be experienced by people with measles:

• Eyes red, swollen, and sensitive to light.
• Signs resembling a cold (eg sore throat, dry cough, and runny nose).
• Small, grayish white patches in the mouth and throat.
• High fever.
• Limp and tired.
• Pain.
• Do not get excited and lose your appetite.
• Diarrhea
• Throws up.

Measles rashes appear no later than four days after the first symptoms appear, and last about seven days. It will initially appear from behind the ear, then spread to the head and neck, until finally throughout the body. The small-sized patches will swell rapidly, until eventually it fuses.

You should contact your doctor, clinic, or the nearest hospital if you suspect your child has measles.

Prevention of Measles

The best way to prevent measles is by immunization since childhood. There are two choices of measles vaccination. The first is a measles-specific vaccine that the government enters into a compulsory immunization program. This vaccine is given at the age of 9 months, 2 years, and 6 years. The second type of vaccine is the MMR which is a joint vaccine for measles, mumps and German measles. This vaccine is given at the age of 12-13 months and at the age of 3-5 years.

A newborn will have antibodies to measles if the mother has had measles or has received measles vaccinations before becoming pregnant. These antibodies will provide protection for the first few months. Therefore a special vaccine for measles or MMR should be given when a baby is over half a year old.

Both types of measles vaccine above are not recommended for pregnant women who have not been protected from measles. But for women who want to get pregnant and have not been exposed to measles, he can be vaccinated against measles. See a doctor for more information about measles and its effects on pregnant women.

Measles is very contagious. If you suffer from measles, avoid the crowded center at least four days after the appearance of the measles rash for the first time. This is important to avoid infections spread to others. Avoid direct contact with people susceptible to viral infections such as toddlers, young children, and pregnant women.

Measles Treatment

Diagnosis of measles usually can be enforced by the doctor just by looking at the characteristics of spots or rashes that are in the mouth and based on the explanation of the symptoms you experience.

However, in some cases, your doctor may advise you to perform a simple blood test as well as examination of viral cultures from saliva to confirm the diagnosis. However, these two tests are rarely done unless you show less obvious symptoms.

The human immune system will naturally fight against measles virus infection. There is no specific medicine for treating measles. The condition of the patient will usually improve without special treatment within one to two weeks.

Before the immune system against viral infections, the body will feel less comfortable due to symptoms of measles experienced. There are several ways that can help the body's immune against measles virus, among them:

Increase Fluid intake

Give plenty of drinking water to the child to avoid dehydration. Water consumption can also relieve a sore throat due to cough. Remember that when the body is on a fever, the need for fluids increases.

Controlling Fever and Reducing Pain

Generally for adults who experience fever and pain, consumption of paracetamol or ibuprofen can be done. You can also provide paracetamol in liquid form for your child.

Drugs When and After Measles Attack

Drugs like Vitamin A and antibiotics may be prescribed by a doctor once symptoms appear. In addition, measles vaccination options are also available. For example a measles prevention shot that can be given 72 hours after symptoms appear or injection of immune globulin serum for infants or pregnant women after 6 days of exposure to the virus. Talk to your doctor to find out the right treatment for you or your child.

Overcoming Eye Sickness

Use a water-soaked cotton cloth to clean eye droppings during measles infections. Eye of measles sufferers will become more sensitive to light. To overcome this, close the window with a curtain or replace the dimmer light at night.

Treating Other Symptoms

There are likely to appear similar symptoms such as runny nose like a runny nose or cough. You can eat hot drinks to relieve these symptoms. In addition, you can do inhalation therapy of steam.

For small children, you can bathe with warm water. Warm drinks containing lemon and honey can be given to small children. Keep in mind that giving honey is not recommended for children under one year.

Be aware of the Serious Disease

Be aware of the possibility of complications when the body is at war with this infection. Signs of the emergence of more serious conditions are:

• Decreased awareness, marked one by constantly feeling sleepy.
• Symptoms of dehydration, such as dry mouth or reduced frequency of urination.
• Coughing up blood.
• Convulsions.
• Confusion.
• Hard to breathe.
• Pain in the chest, especially when breathing.

Call or come directly to the nearest hospital if you or a family member has any of the above symptoms.

Understanding and complications of measles

Measles is a viral infection characterized by the appearance of a rash throughout the body and is highly contagious. Measles can be very disturbing and leads to more serious complications. Symptoms of measles begin to appear about one to two weeks after the virus enters the body. These symptoms include:

• Red eye.
• Eyes become sensitive to light.
• Signs such as a cold (eg sore throat, runny nose, or nasal congestion).
• Fever.
• Grayish gray spots on the mouth and throat.

Spots or red-browned rash will appear on the skin after a few days later. The order of occurrence of these spots from behind the ears, around the head, then to the neck. In the end the rash will spread throughout the body. In addition, patients also have the potential to experience swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck.

You should contact your doctor, clinic, or the nearest hospital if you suspect you or your child has measles. Diagnosis of measles can be done by looking at the symptoms that appear. But to ensure the diagnosis of measles, saliva and blood samples were taken for the test.

This disease is also called rubeola or red measles. Vaccines are available to prevent this disease. The vaccine for measles is included in part of the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, German measles).

Spread of Measles Virus

For people with measles, measles virus is present in the sparks of fluid released when they sneeze and cough. Measles virus will infect anyone who inhale sparks of this fluid.

Measles virus can survive on the surface for several hours and can survive stick to other objects. When we touch an object that has been splattered by measles virus and then put a hand to the nose or mouth, we can get infected.

Measles is more common in toddlers. But basically everyone can get infected with this virus, especially those who have not been exposed to measles or who have not received measles vaccination.

Measles Treatment

The human immune system will naturally fight off this viral infection. But if complications occur or measles infections become so severe, hospitalization is likely to be needed.
To speed up the recovery process, there are a few things that can help:

• Drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration.
• Many breaks and avoid sunlight as long as the eyes are still sensitive to light.
• Drink fever-lowering medication and pain reliever. Do not give aspirin if your child is less than 16 years old.

Measles Complications

Complications from measles can be very dangerous. Although the number of people with measles complications is quite small, the disease must remain alert. Examples of complications are inflammation of the ear, bronchitis, lung infections (pneumonia), and brain infections (encephalitis).

Groups of people at risk for complications are:

• The baby is under a year old.
• Children with poor health conditions.
• People with chronic illness.
• People with weak immune systems.

Prevention of Measles

MMR vaccination is a joint vaccine for German measles, mumps and measles. MMR vaccination is given twice. First given when the child is 13 months old, then the next is given when they are aged 5-6 years or before entering elementary school.

Measles Complications

Although rare, measles can lead to serious complications. Infants and children with malnutrition are the most vulnerable to catching measles. In addition to those, the immune people are low (eg AIDS sufferers, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, or chronic disease sufferers) and pregnant women are also vulnerable to contracting.

Below is a measles complication that can happen:

• Seizures due to fever.
• Eye infections.
• Middle ear infections.
• Respiratory and lung infections (eg pneumonia and bronchitis).
• Dehydration.
• Inflammation of the vocal cords.

As for the rare measles complications are:

• Meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord).
• Encephalitis (brain infection).
• Eyes squint due to viral effects on the nerves and muscles of the eye.
• Hepatitis or liver infection.
• Problems with the nervous system and heart.
• Optic neuritis or inflammation of the eye nerve that can cause permanent blindness.
• Thrombocytopenia or decreased platelet counts that are functioning to freeze blood.
• Pregnancy problems (eg miscarriage, premature infants, or low-birth weight babies).

Children aged over 1 year with healthy body condition rarely experience complications.

Prevention, symptoms and treatment of typhoid

Typhoid Prevention

Typhoid vaccination (tipes) in Indonesia is included in childhood immunization schedule. Vaccination is highly recommended to be given to children aged two years to be repeated every three years. Vaccine is also ideally given a month before you visit a place that is typhoid endemic.

Several reactions and side effects that may arise and be felt after typhoid vaccine, namely:

• Pain and redness or swelling around the injection area
• Nausea
• Dizzy
• Stomach ache
• Diarrhea

However, giving tifoid vaccine does not make every person vaccinated to 100 percent immune to this bacteria. The risk is still there, although the symptoms will not be as severe as those who have not been vaccinated.

Prevention Steps Besides Vaccines

Associated with Asian countries, including Indonesia, is a typhoid endemic area. The disease is common in countries with poor hygiene and sanitation. In addition to Asia, countries in South and Central America, the Middle East, and Africa are also areas with high rates of typhoid fever.
Unfortunately in developing countries, the disease thrives as bacteria resistant levels rise against antibiotics to treat typhoid. This resulted in some antibiotics already unable to fight typhoid. Necessary preparation and dissemination of the list of drugs that are not effective so that patients get the right treatment.

To prevent this disease, typhoid vaccinations should be combined with improved sanitation and water supply, as well as healthy living habits. Note the following to avoid the risk of contracting typhoid:

• Wash hands before and after processing food and drink, and after passing water or cleaning dirt, for example when washing cloth diapers. Use a hand-sanitizer if there is no water to wash your hands
• If you are going to travel to a place that has a case of spreading typhus, you should make sure the water to be drunk is properly boiled first
• If you have to buy a drink, you should drink bottled water
• Minimize consumption of food sold on the roadside because it is easily exposed to bacteria
• Avoid ice cubes in your drink. Also should avoid buying and consuming ice cream sold on the roadside.
• Avoid consumption of raw fruits and vegetables, unless you peel or wash them yourself with clean water.
• Limit the consumption of culinary foods (seafood), especially those that have not been cooked.
• You should use boiled water to brush your teeth or rinse, especially if you are in a place that is not guaranteed clean water.
• Clean the toilet regularly. Avoid exchanging personal items, such as towels, bed linen, and toiletries. Wash the objects separately in warm water.
• Avoid consumption of unpasteurized milk.
• Always take antibiotics that your doctor prescribes and follow the instructions given. Antibiotic treatment should be performed until the treatment period ends to prevent drug resistance.

Typhus Symptoms

In general, the incubation period of the bacteria that cause typhoid fever (typhoid) is 7-14 days, but can also be shorter, lasting three days, or even 30 days. This is the duration between the first bacteria entering the tissues of the body until the first symptoms appear.

If not handled properly, can worsen the condition of people with typhoid fever in a few weeks. In fact, it can take up monthly before the body can fully recover coupled with increased risk of developing complications. Symptoms can also reappear due to no treatment.

In fact, if treated properly, the condition of sufferers can begin to improve within 3-5 days. The following common symptoms occur once you get infected:

• Fever can increase gradually every day in the first week. Fever usually rises at night
• Muscles hurt
• Headache
• Feeling sick or unwell
• Enlarged kidneys and liver
• Fatigue and weakness
• Sweating
• Dry cough
• Weight loss
• Stomach ache
• Loss of appetite
• Children often experience diarrhea, while adults tend to experience constipation
• A rash on the skin in the form of small spots of pink
• Dazed. Feeling not knowing where he was and what was going on around him

Typhus symptoms develop from week to week, with the following characteristics:

The first week

Initial symptoms here need to be considered, especially related to the development of patient's body temperature.

• Fever. Initially not high, then increased to 39 ° C-40 ° C. Body temperature can rise or fall in this week
• Headache
• Limp and not feeling well
• Dry cough
• Nosebleed

Second week

If not handled immediately, you will enter the second stage with symptoms:

• A persistent high fever that tends to worsen in the abdominal and chest areas
• Delirious
• Stomach ache
• Diarrhea or severe constipation
• Feces are generally greenish
• Abdomen is very bloated due to swelling of the liver and bile.

The third week

The body temperature will decrease at the end of the third week, but if not treated promptly, complications may arise at this stage, such as:

• Intestinal bleeding
• Rupture of the intestine

The fourth week:

• The temperature of the fever will decrease slowly

If not treated immediately, then there will appear other symptoms, such as delirious and lying fatigue without movement with half-closed eyes, to life-threatening complications. In some cases, symptoms can reappear two weeks after the fever subsides.

Immediately consult your doctor if you or your child has a high fever and some of the above symptoms. Remember that despite receiving a vaccine or immunization, a person is still likely to have typhus. Examination should also be done if you have a fever after visiting a place that has a case of typhus spread.

Typhus Treatment

Antibiotic therapy is the most effective way of treating typhoid and should be given as soon as possible. Your blood, stool, and urine samples will be examined in the laboratory to determine the right type of antibiotic to administer. In addition, fever-lowering drugs can also be given to lower body temperature. Typhoid treatment (tipes) can be done at the hospital, but if it is detected more quickly and the symptoms are mild, you can undergo home treatment.

Typhoid Treatment (Typhus) at the Hospital

Antibiotics in the hospital will be given in the form of injections. If necessary, fluid intake and nutrients will also be inserted into the blood vessels via an IV. You may have to follow antibiotic treatment until the test result on stool and urine is completely clean from the bacteria that cause typhoid.

Infusion is given because typhoid treatments performed in hospital are generally accompanied by continuous vomiting, severe diarrhea, and flatulence. A fluid filled infusion is provided to prevent dehydration due to diarrhea symptoms. Patients with children with typhoid fever may be recommended for hospitalization as a precautionary measure.

In a few cases, surgery may be necessary in case of life-threatening complications, such as deep bleeding or breakdown of the digestive system.

Almost all the condition of the patient gradually improved after being hospitalized for 3-5 days. The body will recover slowly even after weeks of post-infection until you are fully restored.

Typhoid Treatment (Typhus) at Home

Generally people diagnosed with typhoid in the early stages need 1-2 weeks of treatment with prescribed antibiotic tablets. Although the body will begin to improve after 2-3 days of taking antibiotics, you should not stop consumption before the antibiotic runs out. This is important to ensure that bacteria are completely lost from the body.

However, antibiotics to treat typhoid begin to cause problems in Southeast Asian countries. Some Salmonella typhi groups become resistant to antibiotics. In recent years, these bacteria have also become resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimotheprim-silfamethoxazole antibiotics.

Immediately consult your doctor if your condition worsens while undergoing home treatment. In a small number of people, the disease may recur again. In order for the body to recover quickly and prevent the risk of typhoid coming again, make sure you follow these simple steps:

• Get enough rest
• Eat regularly. You can eat as often as possible in small amounts than if you eat three large meals a day
• Drink lots of water
• Wash your hands regularly with soap and warm water to reduce the risk of spreading the infection

Bacteria Staying in the Body

Some people who have recovered have no symptoms of typhoid, but they can still have Salmonella typhi bacteria in their intestinal tract for years. Approximately 5 percent of people with typhoid who do not undergo adequate treatment but then recover, will continue to carry this bacteria in the body. Without their awareness, these carriers can make others infected through their stools.

Generally these people can also get back to work or school. But some professions need special attention. They are advised to ensure that the body no longer has Salmonella typhi bacteria before returning to daily activities. This risky profession, among others:

• People whose work is related to food preparation and preparation
• Nurses who often face or care for people who are sick
• Elderly toddler or elderly nurse

Additional Treatment When Typhus Relapse

Some people experience typhoid symptoms that recur a week after antibiotic treatment is completed. Usually doctors will re-prescribe antibiotics despite the symptoms that are felt not as severe as before.

If after undergoing treatment the results of stool tests found that you are still suffering from Salmonella typhi bacteria, you may be advised to undergo 28 days of antibiotic treatment again to clean up the remnants of bacteria. This is to reduce your potential to be a long-term carrier of Typhus bacteria.

As long as you are still diagnosed with infection, you should avoid food-processing activities. Also make sure you wash your hands after a bowel movement.

Causes and understanding of typhoid fever

Typhus or typhoid fever is a disease that occurs due to Salmonella typhi bacterial infection and is commonly spread through contaminated food and drink. Diseases that occur in developing countries and experienced by these children can be life-threatening if not handled properly and quickly.

Typhus can be transmitted quickly. Typhoid fever infection occurs when a person consumes a food or drink that has been contaminated with a small amount of stool containing bacteria. In rare cases, transmission occurs due to exposure to bacterial infected urine.

Typhus case

Based on a study, it was found that typhus affects 800 to 100 thousand Indonesians throughout 2008. This proves that typhoid is still an endemic disease and serious health problem in this country.

Poor sanitation and limited access to clean water are thought to be the main causes of developing typhoid fever. Incomplete immune system is thought to be the cause of the disease is more experienced by the children.

Main Symptoms: High Fever

Typhus symptoms generally begin appearing 1-3 weeks after the body is infected, with the following characteristics:

• High fever
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Headache
• Stomach ache

This condition may worsen in a few weeks. If not treated immediately, there can be complications such as internal bleeding or rupture of the digestive system (gut). The risk of complications will also develop to be life-threatening if the situation is not addressed properly.

Home or Hospital Treatment?

If not treated properly, it is estimated that 1 in 5 people will die of typhus. While those who remain alive are at risk of suffering from infectious complications.

Typhus is typically treated with antibiotics. The decision of treatment at home or in hospital depends on the severity experienced. If typhoid is diagnosed at an early stage, you can undergo home treatment with antiobiotic treatment for 1-2 weeks.

Hospital care is necessary if the late typhoid is diagnosed or already in an advanced stage.

Typhoid Vaccination

In Indonesia, typhoid vaccine as a typhoid prevention into immunization is recommended by the government, but not yet entered into the mandatory category. Typhoid vaccine is given to children over two years old and repeated every three years. Typhoid immunization in Indonesia is done in the form of injections in toddlers and in oral form in children over the age of six years.

As with other vaccines, typhoid vaccine does not provide 100 percent protection. Children who have been immunized typhoid can still be infected, but the rate of infection experienced by a vaccinated child will not be as heavy as those who have not been vaccinated at all.

Vaccination is also recommended for people who intend to work or travel to areas that are being hit by cases of typhus spread. Another precaution that also needs to be done is to pay attention to food and drink to be consumed.

If you and your child intend to eat outdoors, should avoid eating in the open are easily exposed to bacteria and are advised to consume beverages in packaging.

Causes Typhus

Typhoid-causing bacteria , Salmonella typhi, enter the intestine through contaminated food or drink to then breed in the gastrointestinal tract. High fever, abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhea will arise when these bacteria have multiplied.

These bacteria are related, but not the same as the salmonella bacteria that cause a person to be food poisoning.

Bad Sanitation is a major cause of transmission

Feces containing Salmonella typhi bacteria are the main source of transmission of typhus. These feces are produced by people who have been infected first. In a country like Indonesia, the spread of Salmonella typhi bacteria usually occurs through the consumption of water contaminated with infected feces.

The same impact occurs in foods that are washed with contaminated water. This condition is mainly due to poor sanitation and access to clean water.

These bacteria can also spread if people who have been infected with bacteria do not wash their hands before touching or processing food. The spread of bacteria occurs when there are others who eat food that is touched by the hand of the person.

People who eat processed foods will also be infected if the processor does not wash his hands after urination because transmission can also occur from urine with bacteria, although this way is more rare.

Some of the following situations may also be the cause of the spread of typhoid:

• Eating seafood from water contaminated with urine and feces infected
• Eating seafood from contaminated water urine and feces infected
• Eating vegetables using fertilizer consisting of infected human waste
• Eating dairy products that have been contaminated
• Using toilets that are contaminated with bacteria. You will become infected if you touch your mouth before washing your hands after having a bowel movement.
• Perform oral sex with carriers of Salmonella typhi bacteria.

If not treated promptly, Salmonella typhi will spread throughout the body by entering the blood vessels. Typhus symptoms will worsen if bacteria have spread beyond the digestive system. In addition, spreading bacteria can damage organs and tissues and cause serious complications. The most common conditions occur are internal bleeding or leaking bowel.

Understanding, symptoms and healing Polio disease

Polio or poliomyelitis is a highly contagious viral disease and attacks the nervous system, especially in infants who have not done polio vaccination. In severe cases, the disease can cause breathing difficulties, paralysis, or and death.

Symptoms of Polio Disease

Most people with polio do not realize that they are infected because the polio virus initially causes little or no symptoms.

Polio sufferers are divided into three groups, namely non-paralysis polio, polio paralysis, and post-polio syndrome.

Polio non-paralysis

Polio non-paralysis is a type of polio that does not cause paralysis. Symptoms are mild. The following are symptoms of non-paralytic polio that generally last from one to ten days.

• Gag
• Weak muscles
• Fever
• Meningitis
• Feeling tired
• Sore throat
• Headache
• Legs, hands, neck, and back feel stiff and sore

Polio paralysis

Polio paralysis is the most severe type of polio and can cause paralysis. Polio paralysis can be divided on the part of the affected body, such as the brainstem, spinal cord, or both.

The early symptoms of polio paralysis are often the same as non-paralysis polio, such as headache and fever. Symptoms of polio paralysis usually occur within a week, among which are serious muscle aches or weakness, the legs and arms feel limp or weak, and loss of body reflex.

Some people with polio paralysis can experience paralysis very quickly or even within hours after infection and sometimes paralysis occurs only on one side of the body. The respiratory tract may be blocked or not working, requiring emergency medical treatment.

Post-polio syndrome

Post-polio syndrome usually affects people who on average 30-40 years have previously had polio disease. Symptoms that often occur include:

• Difficulty breathing or swallowing.
• It's hard to concentrate or remember.
• The joints or muscles become weaker and painful.
• Deformity of the foot or wrist.
• Depression or mood swings easily.
• Sleep disturbance with difficulty breathing.
• Easily tired.
• The muscle mass of the body decreases (atrophy).
• Not strong hold cold temperatures.

Causes of Polio

Polio disease is caused by polio virus that generally enters through food or drink contaminated with feces containing the virus. Just like smallpox, polio only infects humans. In the human body, the polio virus infects the throat and intestines. In addition through the dirt, polio virus can also spread through the liquid droplets that come out when sufferers cough or sneeze. In some conditions, this viral infection can spread to the bloodstream and invade the nervous system.

Immunization or administration of polio vaccine can minimize polio virus infection. Children, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems are particularly susceptible to polio virus if they do not participate in the immunization program or do not have a clean and good sanitation system.

Unvaccinated people will have a high level of risk of contracting polio if they do or experience things like the following.

• Living with a polio patient.
• The immune system is declining.
• Traveling to areas where polio is still common.
• Has performed surgical removal of tonsils.

Polio Diagnosis and Treatment

The initial diagnosis of polio can be done by asking for symptoms experienced by patients, whether they have been given polio vaccine before or made contact with polio patients, and through physical examination. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid, stool, or mucus samples will be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

There is no treatment that can cure polio if the polio virus has infected someone. But there are some things that can be done as a supportive treatment to prevent complications and make the patient feel more comfortable, such as physical therapy to prevent loss of muscle function, painkillers, nutritious diet, adequate rest, and breathing apparatus if necessary. The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the viral infection entering and attacking the body.

Complications Polio

Disabilities, deformities of the feet and hips, as well as temporary or permanent paralysis may result from polio paralysis. Although surgery and physical therapy can be performed to treat a deformity in the joints, this action is not recommended for patients who are in an active polio environment as it may lead to the potential for lifelong disability.

Prevention of Polio

Although it has been declared a polio free country by WHO, did not rule out that this virus can still reappear in Indonesia. This can happen when people infected with polio from other countries enter Indonesia, and transmit the virus to others.

Therefore, preventive measures through vaccination is still very important to do. It aims to provide immunity to polio disease for life, especially in children.

Children should be given four doses of inactivated polio vaccine, ie by the time they are 2 months, 4 months, between 6 - 18 months, and the last one is between 4 and 6 years of age.

Polio vaccines with inactive viruses are likely to be close to 100 percent to effectively prevent polio after three injections, and are safe for people with weakened immune systems. The most common side effects after injection are pain and redness at the point of injection.

Adults who should get a series of polio vaccines are those who have not been vaccinated or vaccinated status is unclear.

The dose of polio vaccination in adults is the first two doses with intervals between 4-8 months, and the third dose between 6-12 months after the second dose. In addition, adult vaccinations can also be made if traveling to a country with an active polio case or interacting with a polio patient.

Some people who are given polio vaccine can experience allergies. Allergic reactions that may occur and usually appear after a few minutes to several hours are dizzy, weak, swollen throat, difficulty breathing, pale, hoarse, biduran, and heart beat fast. Immediately see a doctor if you experience any allergic symptoms after the injection.

Treatment you should know HIV Virus and AIDS

There is no vaccine to prevent HIV and no cure for AIDS, but you can protect yourself from getting infected. The only way to prevent HIV infection is to avoid activities that increase the risk of contracting HIV. Basically, prevention is always better than cure.

The most common ways to become infected with HIV are having unprotected sex, and sharing needles or other syringes. If you are infected with HIV, you can pass it on in these ways. If both partners are infected, still have safe sex. You can catch other types of HIV virus that may not be controlled by the drugs you consume.

Through Sex Relations

The highest risk of HIV infection is transmitted through unprotected sex through vagina and anal. The risk of contracting through oral sex is quite low, but it does not mean zero. Oral sex can transmit other sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis. Toys and sex aids are also at risk in spreading HIV if one of these toys and sex aids is positively infected with HIV.
The best way to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is to use condoms for any type of sex penetration. And use a dental dam to perform oral sex. Dental dam is a sheet of latex fabric. This fabric serves as a barrier between the mouth and the vagina or anus. It aims to reduce the spread of STIs during oral sex.

Take Truvada medicine

For people at high risk of HIV infection, taking emtricitabine-tenofovir (Truvada) drugs may reduce the risk of HIV infection through sexual intercourse. Truvada is also used in HIV care along with other medications.

Condom use

If you do not know your partner's HIV infection status, always use a new condom every time you have anal or vaginal sex. Condoms are available in different shapes, colors, textures, materials, and taste. Condoms are available for both men and women.
Condoms are the most effective form of protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Condoms can be used for any sexual intercourse. It is important to wear condoms before any sexual contact that arises between the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus. HIV can be spread before ejaculation. This occurs when the discharge of the initial fluid from the genitals and from the anus.

Use condoms made from latex or polyurethane (latex and polyurethane) when having sex. Use a condom once you or your partner has an erection, not before ejaculation.

Use of lubricants

Lubricants are used to increase the comfort and safety of sex with the aim of adding moisture to the vagina and anus during sex. Lubricants will reduce the risk of skin sores (tears) in the vagina or anus. The lubricant also prevents the condom from tearing.
Use only water-based lubricants instead of oils. Oil-based lubricants can weaken the power of condoms and can even tear condoms.

Through Needles and Injection

If you use a needle to inject medicine, make sure the needle is sterile. Do not share needles, injections, or injecting equipment again like sponges and fabrics. Sharing needles may increase the risk of getting infected with HIV and other viruses in the blood, such as hepatitis C.
If you want to make a tattoo or piercing, make sure always use a sterile needle and clean. Do not do this activity in place carelessly. Make sure you check the needles used.

Doing circumcision for men

Male circumcision is a surgical procedure to cut the skin at the tip of the penis. Circumcision is done on male genitals can reduce the risk of men affected by HIV.