Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment of Measles

Symptoms Measles

The appearance of early symptoms of measles occurs about one to two weeks after contracting the virus. These symptoms will disappear about two weeks later. Here are the initial symptoms that will be experienced by people with measles:

• Eyes red, swollen, and sensitive to light.
• Signs resembling a cold (eg sore throat, dry cough, and runny nose).
• Small, grayish white patches in the mouth and throat.
• High fever.
• Limp and tired.
• Pain.
• Do not get excited and lose your appetite.
• Diarrhea
• Throws up.

Measles rashes appear no later than four days after the first symptoms appear, and last about seven days. It will initially appear from behind the ear, then spread to the head and neck, until finally throughout the body. The small-sized patches will swell rapidly, until eventually it fuses.

You should contact your doctor, clinic, or the nearest hospital if you suspect your child has measles.

Prevention of Measles

The best way to prevent measles is by immunization since childhood. There are two choices of measles vaccination. The first is a measles-specific vaccine that the government enters into a compulsory immunization program. This vaccine is given at the age of 9 months, 2 years, and 6 years. The second type of vaccine is the MMR which is a joint vaccine for measles, mumps and German measles. This vaccine is given at the age of 12-13 months and at the age of 3-5 years.

A newborn will have antibodies to measles if the mother has had measles or has received measles vaccinations before becoming pregnant. These antibodies will provide protection for the first few months. Therefore a special vaccine for measles or MMR should be given when a baby is over half a year old.

Both types of measles vaccine above are not recommended for pregnant women who have not been protected from measles. But for women who want to get pregnant and have not been exposed to measles, he can be vaccinated against measles. See a doctor for more information about measles and its effects on pregnant women.

Measles is very contagious. If you suffer from measles, avoid the crowded center at least four days after the appearance of the measles rash for the first time. This is important to avoid infections spread to others. Avoid direct contact with people susceptible to viral infections such as toddlers, young children, and pregnant women.

Measles Treatment

Diagnosis of measles usually can be enforced by the doctor just by looking at the characteristics of spots or rashes that are in the mouth and based on the explanation of the symptoms you experience.

However, in some cases, your doctor may advise you to perform a simple blood test as well as examination of viral cultures from saliva to confirm the diagnosis. However, these two tests are rarely done unless you show less obvious symptoms.

The human immune system will naturally fight against measles virus infection. There is no specific medicine for treating measles. The condition of the patient will usually improve without special treatment within one to two weeks.

Before the immune system against viral infections, the body will feel less comfortable due to symptoms of measles experienced. There are several ways that can help the body's immune against measles virus, among them:

Increase Fluid intake

Give plenty of drinking water to the child to avoid dehydration. Water consumption can also relieve a sore throat due to cough. Remember that when the body is on a fever, the need for fluids increases.

Controlling Fever and Reducing Pain

Generally for adults who experience fever and pain, consumption of paracetamol or ibuprofen can be done. You can also provide paracetamol in liquid form for your child.

Drugs When and After Measles Attack

Drugs like Vitamin A and antibiotics may be prescribed by a doctor once symptoms appear. In addition, measles vaccination options are also available. For example a measles prevention shot that can be given 72 hours after symptoms appear or injection of immune globulin serum for infants or pregnant women after 6 days of exposure to the virus. Talk to your doctor to find out the right treatment for you or your child.

Overcoming Eye Sickness

Use a water-soaked cotton cloth to clean eye droppings during measles infections. Eye of measles sufferers will become more sensitive to light. To overcome this, close the window with a curtain or replace the dimmer light at night.

Treating Other Symptoms

There are likely to appear similar symptoms such as runny nose like a runny nose or cough. You can eat hot drinks to relieve these symptoms. In addition, you can do inhalation therapy of steam.

For small children, you can bathe with warm water. Warm drinks containing lemon and honey can be given to small children. Keep in mind that giving honey is not recommended for children under one year.

Be aware of the Serious Disease

Be aware of the possibility of complications when the body is at war with this infection. Signs of the emergence of more serious conditions are:

• Decreased awareness, marked one by constantly feeling sleepy.
• Symptoms of dehydration, such as dry mouth or reduced frequency of urination.
• Coughing up blood.
• Convulsions.
• Confusion.
• Hard to breathe.
• Pain in the chest, especially when breathing.

Call or come directly to the nearest hospital if you or a family member has any of the above symptoms.

Prevention, symptoms and treatment of typhoid

Typhoid Prevention

Typhoid vaccination (tipes) in Indonesia is included in childhood immunization schedule. Vaccination is highly recommended to be given to children aged two years to be repeated every three years. Vaccine is also ideally given a month before you visit a place that is typhoid endemic.

Several reactions and side effects that may arise and be felt after typhoid vaccine, namely:

• Pain and redness or swelling around the injection area
• Nausea
• Dizzy
• Stomach ache
• Diarrhea

However, giving tifoid vaccine does not make every person vaccinated to 100 percent immune to this bacteria. The risk is still there, although the symptoms will not be as severe as those who have not been vaccinated.

Prevention Steps Besides Vaccines

Associated with Asian countries, including Indonesia, is a typhoid endemic area. The disease is common in countries with poor hygiene and sanitation. In addition to Asia, countries in South and Central America, the Middle East, and Africa are also areas with high rates of typhoid fever.
Unfortunately in developing countries, the disease thrives as bacteria resistant levels rise against antibiotics to treat typhoid. This resulted in some antibiotics already unable to fight typhoid. Necessary preparation and dissemination of the list of drugs that are not effective so that patients get the right treatment.

To prevent this disease, typhoid vaccinations should be combined with improved sanitation and water supply, as well as healthy living habits. Note the following to avoid the risk of contracting typhoid:

• Wash hands before and after processing food and drink, and after passing water or cleaning dirt, for example when washing cloth diapers. Use a hand-sanitizer if there is no water to wash your hands
• If you are going to travel to a place that has a case of spreading typhus, you should make sure the water to be drunk is properly boiled first
• If you have to buy a drink, you should drink bottled water
• Minimize consumption of food sold on the roadside because it is easily exposed to bacteria
• Avoid ice cubes in your drink. Also should avoid buying and consuming ice cream sold on the roadside.
• Avoid consumption of raw fruits and vegetables, unless you peel or wash them yourself with clean water.
• Limit the consumption of culinary foods (seafood), especially those that have not been cooked.
• You should use boiled water to brush your teeth or rinse, especially if you are in a place that is not guaranteed clean water.
• Clean the toilet regularly. Avoid exchanging personal items, such as towels, bed linen, and toiletries. Wash the objects separately in warm water.
• Avoid consumption of unpasteurized milk.
• Always take antibiotics that your doctor prescribes and follow the instructions given. Antibiotic treatment should be performed until the treatment period ends to prevent drug resistance.

Typhus Symptoms

In general, the incubation period of the bacteria that cause typhoid fever (typhoid) is 7-14 days, but can also be shorter, lasting three days, or even 30 days. This is the duration between the first bacteria entering the tissues of the body until the first symptoms appear.

If not handled properly, can worsen the condition of people with typhoid fever in a few weeks. In fact, it can take up monthly before the body can fully recover coupled with increased risk of developing complications. Symptoms can also reappear due to no treatment.

In fact, if treated properly, the condition of sufferers can begin to improve within 3-5 days. The following common symptoms occur once you get infected:

• Fever can increase gradually every day in the first week. Fever usually rises at night
• Muscles hurt
• Headache
• Feeling sick or unwell
• Enlarged kidneys and liver
• Fatigue and weakness
• Sweating
• Dry cough
• Weight loss
• Stomach ache
• Loss of appetite
• Children often experience diarrhea, while adults tend to experience constipation
• A rash on the skin in the form of small spots of pink
• Dazed. Feeling not knowing where he was and what was going on around him

Typhus symptoms develop from week to week, with the following characteristics:

The first week

Initial symptoms here need to be considered, especially related to the development of patient's body temperature.

• Fever. Initially not high, then increased to 39 ° C-40 ° C. Body temperature can rise or fall in this week
• Headache
• Limp and not feeling well
• Dry cough
• Nosebleed

Second week

If not handled immediately, you will enter the second stage with symptoms:

• A persistent high fever that tends to worsen in the abdominal and chest areas
• Delirious
• Stomach ache
• Diarrhea or severe constipation
• Feces are generally greenish
• Abdomen is very bloated due to swelling of the liver and bile.

The third week

The body temperature will decrease at the end of the third week, but if not treated promptly, complications may arise at this stage, such as:

• Intestinal bleeding
• Rupture of the intestine

The fourth week:

• The temperature of the fever will decrease slowly

If not treated immediately, then there will appear other symptoms, such as delirious and lying fatigue without movement with half-closed eyes, to life-threatening complications. In some cases, symptoms can reappear two weeks after the fever subsides.

Immediately consult your doctor if you or your child has a high fever and some of the above symptoms. Remember that despite receiving a vaccine or immunization, a person is still likely to have typhus. Examination should also be done if you have a fever after visiting a place that has a case of typhus spread.

Typhus Treatment

Antibiotic therapy is the most effective way of treating typhoid and should be given as soon as possible. Your blood, stool, and urine samples will be examined in the laboratory to determine the right type of antibiotic to administer. In addition, fever-lowering drugs can also be given to lower body temperature. Typhoid treatment (tipes) can be done at the hospital, but if it is detected more quickly and the symptoms are mild, you can undergo home treatment.

Typhoid Treatment (Typhus) at the Hospital

Antibiotics in the hospital will be given in the form of injections. If necessary, fluid intake and nutrients will also be inserted into the blood vessels via an IV. You may have to follow antibiotic treatment until the test result on stool and urine is completely clean from the bacteria that cause typhoid.

Infusion is given because typhoid treatments performed in hospital are generally accompanied by continuous vomiting, severe diarrhea, and flatulence. A fluid filled infusion is provided to prevent dehydration due to diarrhea symptoms. Patients with children with typhoid fever may be recommended for hospitalization as a precautionary measure.

In a few cases, surgery may be necessary in case of life-threatening complications, such as deep bleeding or breakdown of the digestive system.

Almost all the condition of the patient gradually improved after being hospitalized for 3-5 days. The body will recover slowly even after weeks of post-infection until you are fully restored.

Typhoid Treatment (Typhus) at Home

Generally people diagnosed with typhoid in the early stages need 1-2 weeks of treatment with prescribed antibiotic tablets. Although the body will begin to improve after 2-3 days of taking antibiotics, you should not stop consumption before the antibiotic runs out. This is important to ensure that bacteria are completely lost from the body.

However, antibiotics to treat typhoid begin to cause problems in Southeast Asian countries. Some Salmonella typhi groups become resistant to antibiotics. In recent years, these bacteria have also become resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimotheprim-silfamethoxazole antibiotics.

Immediately consult your doctor if your condition worsens while undergoing home treatment. In a small number of people, the disease may recur again. In order for the body to recover quickly and prevent the risk of typhoid coming again, make sure you follow these simple steps:

• Get enough rest
• Eat regularly. You can eat as often as possible in small amounts than if you eat three large meals a day
• Drink lots of water
• Wash your hands regularly with soap and warm water to reduce the risk of spreading the infection

Bacteria Staying in the Body

Some people who have recovered have no symptoms of typhoid, but they can still have Salmonella typhi bacteria in their intestinal tract for years. Approximately 5 percent of people with typhoid who do not undergo adequate treatment but then recover, will continue to carry this bacteria in the body. Without their awareness, these carriers can make others infected through their stools.

Generally these people can also get back to work or school. But some professions need special attention. They are advised to ensure that the body no longer has Salmonella typhi bacteria before returning to daily activities. This risky profession, among others:

• People whose work is related to food preparation and preparation
• Nurses who often face or care for people who are sick
• Elderly toddler or elderly nurse

Additional Treatment When Typhus Relapse

Some people experience typhoid symptoms that recur a week after antibiotic treatment is completed. Usually doctors will re-prescribe antibiotics despite the symptoms that are felt not as severe as before.

If after undergoing treatment the results of stool tests found that you are still suffering from Salmonella typhi bacteria, you may be advised to undergo 28 days of antibiotic treatment again to clean up the remnants of bacteria. This is to reduce your potential to be a long-term carrier of Typhus bacteria.

As long as you are still diagnosed with infection, you should avoid food-processing activities. Also make sure you wash your hands after a bowel movement.

Understanding, symptoms and healing Polio disease

Polio or poliomyelitis is a highly contagious viral disease and attacks the nervous system, especially in infants who have not done polio vaccination. In severe cases, the disease can cause breathing difficulties, paralysis, or and death.

Symptoms of Polio Disease

Most people with polio do not realize that they are infected because the polio virus initially causes little or no symptoms.

Polio sufferers are divided into three groups, namely non-paralysis polio, polio paralysis, and post-polio syndrome.

Polio non-paralysis

Polio non-paralysis is a type of polio that does not cause paralysis. Symptoms are mild. The following are symptoms of non-paralytic polio that generally last from one to ten days.

• Gag
• Weak muscles
• Fever
• Meningitis
• Feeling tired
• Sore throat
• Headache
• Legs, hands, neck, and back feel stiff and sore

Polio paralysis

Polio paralysis is the most severe type of polio and can cause paralysis. Polio paralysis can be divided on the part of the affected body, such as the brainstem, spinal cord, or both.

The early symptoms of polio paralysis are often the same as non-paralysis polio, such as headache and fever. Symptoms of polio paralysis usually occur within a week, among which are serious muscle aches or weakness, the legs and arms feel limp or weak, and loss of body reflex.

Some people with polio paralysis can experience paralysis very quickly or even within hours after infection and sometimes paralysis occurs only on one side of the body. The respiratory tract may be blocked or not working, requiring emergency medical treatment.

Post-polio syndrome

Post-polio syndrome usually affects people who on average 30-40 years have previously had polio disease. Symptoms that often occur include:

• Difficulty breathing or swallowing.
• It's hard to concentrate or remember.
• The joints or muscles become weaker and painful.
• Deformity of the foot or wrist.
• Depression or mood swings easily.
• Sleep disturbance with difficulty breathing.
• Easily tired.
• The muscle mass of the body decreases (atrophy).
• Not strong hold cold temperatures.

Causes of Polio

Polio disease is caused by polio virus that generally enters through food or drink contaminated with feces containing the virus. Just like smallpox, polio only infects humans. In the human body, the polio virus infects the throat and intestines. In addition through the dirt, polio virus can also spread through the liquid droplets that come out when sufferers cough or sneeze. In some conditions, this viral infection can spread to the bloodstream and invade the nervous system.

Immunization or administration of polio vaccine can minimize polio virus infection. Children, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems are particularly susceptible to polio virus if they do not participate in the immunization program or do not have a clean and good sanitation system.

Unvaccinated people will have a high level of risk of contracting polio if they do or experience things like the following.

• Living with a polio patient.
• The immune system is declining.
• Traveling to areas where polio is still common.
• Has performed surgical removal of tonsils.

Polio Diagnosis and Treatment

The initial diagnosis of polio can be done by asking for symptoms experienced by patients, whether they have been given polio vaccine before or made contact with polio patients, and through physical examination. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid, stool, or mucus samples will be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

There is no treatment that can cure polio if the polio virus has infected someone. But there are some things that can be done as a supportive treatment to prevent complications and make the patient feel more comfortable, such as physical therapy to prevent loss of muscle function, painkillers, nutritious diet, adequate rest, and breathing apparatus if necessary. The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the viral infection entering and attacking the body.

Complications Polio

Disabilities, deformities of the feet and hips, as well as temporary or permanent paralysis may result from polio paralysis. Although surgery and physical therapy can be performed to treat a deformity in the joints, this action is not recommended for patients who are in an active polio environment as it may lead to the potential for lifelong disability.

Prevention of Polio

Although it has been declared a polio free country by WHO, did not rule out that this virus can still reappear in Indonesia. This can happen when people infected with polio from other countries enter Indonesia, and transmit the virus to others.

Therefore, preventive measures through vaccination is still very important to do. It aims to provide immunity to polio disease for life, especially in children.

Children should be given four doses of inactivated polio vaccine, ie by the time they are 2 months, 4 months, between 6 - 18 months, and the last one is between 4 and 6 years of age.

Polio vaccines with inactive viruses are likely to be close to 100 percent to effectively prevent polio after three injections, and are safe for people with weakened immune systems. The most common side effects after injection are pain and redness at the point of injection.

Adults who should get a series of polio vaccines are those who have not been vaccinated or vaccinated status is unclear.

The dose of polio vaccination in adults is the first two doses with intervals between 4-8 months, and the third dose between 6-12 months after the second dose. In addition, adult vaccinations can also be made if traveling to a country with an active polio case or interacting with a polio patient.

Some people who are given polio vaccine can experience allergies. Allergic reactions that may occur and usually appear after a few minutes to several hours are dizzy, weak, swollen throat, difficulty breathing, pale, hoarse, biduran, and heart beat fast. Immediately see a doctor if you experience any allergic symptoms after the injection.

Treatment you should know HIV Virus and AIDS

There is no vaccine to prevent HIV and no cure for AIDS, but you can protect yourself from getting infected. The only way to prevent HIV infection is to avoid activities that increase the risk of contracting HIV. Basically, prevention is always better than cure.

The most common ways to become infected with HIV are having unprotected sex, and sharing needles or other syringes. If you are infected with HIV, you can pass it on in these ways. If both partners are infected, still have safe sex. You can catch other types of HIV virus that may not be controlled by the drugs you consume.

Through Sex Relations

The highest risk of HIV infection is transmitted through unprotected sex through vagina and anal. The risk of contracting through oral sex is quite low, but it does not mean zero. Oral sex can transmit other sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis. Toys and sex aids are also at risk in spreading HIV if one of these toys and sex aids is positively infected with HIV.
The best way to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is to use condoms for any type of sex penetration. And use a dental dam to perform oral sex. Dental dam is a sheet of latex fabric. This fabric serves as a barrier between the mouth and the vagina or anus. It aims to reduce the spread of STIs during oral sex.

Take Truvada medicine

For people at high risk of HIV infection, taking emtricitabine-tenofovir (Truvada) drugs may reduce the risk of HIV infection through sexual intercourse. Truvada is also used in HIV care along with other medications.

Condom use

If you do not know your partner's HIV infection status, always use a new condom every time you have anal or vaginal sex. Condoms are available in different shapes, colors, textures, materials, and taste. Condoms are available for both men and women.
Condoms are the most effective form of protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Condoms can be used for any sexual intercourse. It is important to wear condoms before any sexual contact that arises between the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus. HIV can be spread before ejaculation. This occurs when the discharge of the initial fluid from the genitals and from the anus.

Use condoms made from latex or polyurethane (latex and polyurethane) when having sex. Use a condom once you or your partner has an erection, not before ejaculation.

Use of lubricants

Lubricants are used to increase the comfort and safety of sex with the aim of adding moisture to the vagina and anus during sex. Lubricants will reduce the risk of skin sores (tears) in the vagina or anus. The lubricant also prevents the condom from tearing.
Use only water-based lubricants instead of oils. Oil-based lubricants can weaken the power of condoms and can even tear condoms.

Through Needles and Injection

If you use a needle to inject medicine, make sure the needle is sterile. Do not share needles, injections, or injecting equipment again like sponges and fabrics. Sharing needles may increase the risk of getting infected with HIV and other viruses in the blood, such as hepatitis C.
If you want to make a tattoo or piercing, make sure always use a sterile needle and clean. Do not do this activity in place carelessly. Make sure you check the needles used.

Doing circumcision for men

Male circumcision is a surgical procedure to cut the skin at the tip of the penis. Circumcision is done on male genitals can reduce the risk of men affected by HIV.

Symptoms, causes and treatment of mumps

Mumps is a disease that causes the parotid glands (salivary glands) to swell due to viral infections. This gland is located just below the ears beside the face. Therefore, people who experience mumps, the side of his face will look bigger.

Mumps disease is a contagious disease and is commonly afflicted by children. This disease is caused by one of the virus from the family of paramyxovirus which spread similar to flu virus, for example if we also take in the air contaminated with mump virus when near the sufferers of sneezing or coughing.

The spread of mumps virus can also occur indirectly or through intermediate media, for example we use glasses or towels that are also used by people with mumps. Another example is when people with mumps touch their mouth or nose, then their hands that have been contaminated with the virus holding the door handle, then we also have a chance of contracting if you hold the handle of the door.

The mumps virus will enter the respiratory tract and then to the parotid gland to multiply and incubate for fourteen to twenty-five days.

Symptoms of mumps

Once the mump virus incubates, the symptoms will appear. In addition to swelling of the parotid gland that causes the patient's facial side to appear enlarged, mumps can also cause other symptoms, such as:

• Joint pain
• High fever
• Dry mouth
• Abdominal pain
• Missing appetite
• Tired
• Headache

The symptoms are often felt before the swelling of the parotid gland occurs and when it happens swelling, usually the patient will have difficulty swallowing and feel the pain on the side of the face.

Diagnosis of mumps

Although mumps are not a serious disease, it is advisable to see a doctor if you or your child has symptoms. Doctors need to make sure that you are sick of mumps because there are some other more serious diseases (eg tonsillitis and glandular fever) whose symptoms are similar to mumps.
Diagnosis is usually obtained by a doctor after checking the patient's body temperature, see and touch the swelling on the side of the face, and after doing a mouth exam to see tonsillectomy.

Mumps treatment

Until now there is no drug that can overcome mumps. Recovery comes after our own immune system manages to fight infection. While the immune system performs recovery, we also need to take care steps to relieve symptoms.
Compress parts that are swollen and sore with warm water. In addition, it is recommended to get enough rest and drink plenty of water. Do not consume drinks that can irritate the parotid gland, such as fruit juice, and consumption of soft foods to avoid the pain of chewing.

Take painkillers (eg paracetamol or ibuprofen) that have been prescribed by your doctor at the recommended dosage. Mumps usually recover within 1-2 weeks. If after that period the symptoms of mumps do not show signs of improving or even suddenly worsening, see your doctor again.

Complications of mumps

In addition to infecting the parotid gland, the mumps can also contaminate the fluid that protects the spine and brain (cerebrospinal fluid), and may subsequently spread to other parts of the body, such as attacking the pancreas, brain, ovaries, or testes.
If the spread to these parts has occurred, it can lead to complications, among others:

• Testicular swelling. Testicular swelling usually begins on days four to eight days after parotid gland swelling in patients who have reached puberty. If you experience this condition, compress your testicles with warm water or take painkillers. Ibuprofen or paracetamol can be consumed to relieve pain. Also, use comfortable underwear. Once cured, testicular swelling very rarely causes a decrease in sperm volume, testicular shrinkage, or even sterility.
• Swelling of the ovaries. Just as testicular swelling, ovarian swelling cases are also only potentially occurring in women who suffer from mumps after puberty. This condition is not classified as serious and will heal by itself after the immune system successfully overcome mumps. Symptoms that usually appear are nausea, fever, and pain in the lower abdomen.
• Acute pancreatitis. In the case of acute pancreatitis associated with mumps, the symptoms are usually mild. In addition to pain in the middle of the stomach that feels suddenly, people with this complication also has the potential to experience diarrhea, fever, nausea, and loss of appetite. Although relatively mild, doctors can encourage patients to be hospitalized until the condition of the pancreas organ recovered.
• Viral meningitis. Meningitis in this type is different from the lethal meningitis caused by bacteria. This type of meningitis only causes mild symptoms, such as flu and can usually heal within two weeks. In addition to flu-like symptoms, other symptoms are headache, neck feels stiff, and increased eye sensitivity to light.

Mumps prevention

Mumps disease can be prevented as early as possible by giving MMR immunization to your child. Vaccine is administered when the child is 12-18 months old and must be repeated once again when he is 6 years old.

Meanwhile, if we are not getting the vaccine as a child, then we can take preventive steps by always keeping the hand hygiene, not sharing toiletries or eating with others, and wear a mask.

If you or your child already diagnosed with mumps, then do not move outside the house temporarily until healed. The disease is easily transmitted to others, especially a few days before the parotid glands swell for several days afterwards.

If the patient is about to sneeze or cough, should use a tissue to cover the mouth and nose, then dispose of the tissue, then wash the hands thoroughly. By hand washing, then the virus will not stick to other media potentially untouched by others who are still healthy.

Understanding, symptoms and treatment of Swine Flu

Swine flu is a term for one type of influenza caused by the H1N1 virus. The term swine flu arises because the strain of the virus is similar to the influenza virus that causes influenza in pigs.

Swine Flu Symptoms

The incubation period of swine flu is about 24 to 72 hours after the person is exposed to the virus. The disease has symptoms that are similar to the common cold so it is difficult to recognize. Some of the usual indications include:

• Fever.
• Fatigue.
• Pain-stiff.
• Headache.
• Nasal congestion or runny nose.
• The eyes are red and watery.
• Sore throat.
• Cough.

People with flu generally do not need treatment by doctors. But there are some people who are susceptible to complications that require examination by a doctor, that is if a person has the flu and:

• Be under two years old or above 65 years old.
• Is pregnant.
• Chronic illness, such as asthma, heart problems, and diabetes.
• Have a weakened immune system, for example because of HIV.
• Having a profession as a medical worker, such as doctors and nurses.
• Experiencing obesity

Causes and Transmission of Swine Flu

Swine flu is caused by H1N1 virus. Just like other infulenza viruses, the virus will attack cells in the walls of the nose, throat, and lungs.

H1N1 virus transmission is also similar to other influenza viruses, for example from people who sneeze or cough. If the droplets of snot or saliva from the sufferer are attached directly to the surface of the eyes, nose, and mouth, you will experience exposure by the virus. Please remember that this virus can not spread through the consumption of pork.

Swine Flu Treatment and Prevention

Swine flu treatment for each patient is different. This is determined based on the symptoms experienced and the severity, medical history, and physical condition of the patient.

In general, people with swine flu can do their own treatment at home. Simple steps that can be done include:

• Just rest.
• Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.
• Be sure to keep your body warm.

Drugs may also be provided by a doctor if needed. The goal is to reduce the intensity of symptoms experienced by the patient. Examples of the drug include ibuprofen and paracetamol.

However, there are also cases of swine flu that require treatment at the hospital. Especially if the person has a high risk to experience complications. Doctors will usually provide antiviral drugs or antibiotics for those at high risk.

Vaccination and Swine Flu Prevention

The main step to avoid swine flu is to receive influenza vaccine. The vaccine will also help the body to build defense against the H1N1 virus and is generally recommended once a year.

In addition to vaccines, there are some simple ways that we can apply to avoid swine flu while preventing transmission. Among others are:

• Diligently wash hands with water and soap. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer if necessary.
• Avoid direct contact with people as much as possible.
• Do not travel if you are sick.
• If any of your family members has the flu, make sure only you or one of your family cares for it so that other family members avoid the virus exposure.

Symptoms, causes and treats ebola Virus

Ebola became the center of the world's attention because of the recent epidemic. By 2014, the WHO records that there are at least 18,000 cases of ebola occurring in the West African region, with mortality rates reaching 30 percent of all cases

The disease is caused by a virus and can be fatal if it is not treated immediately. Ebola was first discovered in 1976 in Sudan and Congo. Experts suspect that the Ebola virus already lives in the body of fruit-eating bats or codots. The virus then spread to other animals and possibly infect humans through the blood as they clean up the blood of contaminated game animals.

Ebola Virus Spread

Ebola is a deadly disease caused by a virus and spreads through direct contact with blood or body fluids of the patient such as urine, stool, saliva, and semen. In this case, 'direct contact' means blood or other body fluids (such as saliva or snot) of a person who touches his nose, eyes, mouth, or open wound.

Groups of people who are at high risk of contracting the virus are generally families who live at home with patients and people who care for patients such as medical personnel. If any member of your family is suspected of having Ebola, you should not take care of him yourself at home and immediately take him to the hospital.

During treatment, the condition of Ebola sufferers will be carefully monitored. Medical examinations will also be held regularly as they remain potentially infectious of this disease as long as the blood and body fluids still contain the virus.

The environment surrounding contaminated Ebola virus is also at risk of transmitting the disease. For example, clothes, bed sheets, and syringes former patients. Therefore, family and medics treating Ebola sufferers need to increase alertness and maximize the protection used.

Ebola virus can survive outside the body for several days, including on the patient's skin. Therefore, the funeral tradition that requires family or close friends to bathe the body also has the potential to transmit Ebola virus. Family and medical personnel are advised to handle the body of Ebola sufferers with maximum protection. The funeral process should be left to trained and experienced parties in handling similar cases.

In contrast to cases of flu or chicken pox that are transmitted through saliva that is in the air, the Ebola patient's body fluid requires direct contact for contagion. Droplets of saliva or snot of Ebola sufferers who accidentally sneeze or cough can only transmit the virus if exposed to the nose, eyes, mouth, and open wounds of a person. Therefore, the spread of Ebola through coughing or sneezing is rare.

Ebola Symptoms

The incubation period (the time between the entry of the virus into the body until the first symptoms appear) of Ebola disease is about 2 to 21 days. Please keep in mind that the Ebola virus transmission only begins to occur when the symptoms are present.

A number of early symptoms that indicate this disease will attack suddenly. Such indications include:

• Fever.
• Headache.
• Feel very weak.
• Pain in muscles and joints.
• Sore throat.

After the symptoms above, will appear follow-up symptoms in the form:

• Gag.
• Stomach ache.
• Diarrhea.
• Rash.
• Impaired liver and kidney function.
• Bleeding in the body that sometimes also comes out through the mouth, nose, eyes, or ears.

Ebola virus can spread quickly and is very deadly, so avoid direct contact with the patient. If you suspect you or any of your family members contracted the Ebola virus, see your doctor immediately for a checkup.

Ebola Diagnosis Process

Ebola is a disease that is difficult to detect because its initial symptoms are similar to other diseases, such as malaria and cholera. The diagnosis of viral infection can only be confirmed by laboratory examination.

To confirm the diagnosis, doctors will recommend a special examination of Ebola virus through blood and fluid from the patient's body. In addition to viral testing, blood test results also usually show low white blood cell count and platelet count, as well as elevated liver enzyme levels.

Ebola Treatment Method

Once positively diagnosed with Ebola, the patient will undergo intensive treatment at the hospital. Rapid and appropriate medical treatment is key in the major increase the likelihood of patient safety.

No drugs have been found to combat the Ebola virus. But research continues to find effective vaccines and drugs to treat the disease.

Treatment is only intended to support the patient's immune in fighting the virus. Patients will generally receive fluids through an IV to prevent dehydration. As long as the body combats Ebola's disease, blood pressure, blood oxygen levels, and the function of the patient's organs should be maintained to the maximum extent possible.

Steps to Prevent Spread of Ebola Virus

The earliest transmission of Ebola virus is through contact with infected animals that spread directly to the patient. Here are some steps we can take to prevent, while limiting the spread of the virus:

• Find out more information about Ebola virus.
• If any family member or anyone around you who may be infected by Ebola, immediately take them for an examination and treatment at the hospital.
• Avoid sexual intercourse with ebola patients without using a safety (condom). Numerous studies show that the ebola virus is still detectable in male cement fluid, even for months after the man is declared cured of ebola.
• Always wash hands with water and soap. Alcohol-based hand sanitizing fluid is also useful.
• Avoid direct contact with skin, blood, and body fluids.
• Do not hold objects around the patient, such as clothing, or sheets.
• The body of Ebola sufferers should be treated with maximum protection and by trained and experienced parties in handling such cases.
• Avoid traveling to areas with high Ebola cases.
• If you are in an area at risk of transmitting Ebola, avoid contact with animals that potentially transmit it, including flesh or blood. For example, fruit-eating bats or codots and monkeys.
• Wash and peel fruits and vegetables before consumption.
• Cook the meat of animals and vegetables until they are completely cooked before they are consumed.

Especially for medical personnel, there are some precautions that should be taken to minimize the risk of contracting Ebola. Among others:

• Be careful when handling blood, body fluids, catheters, and when installing a patient infusion.
• Use maximum protection, for example by wearing masks, gloves, as well as shirts and protective goggles.
• Always wash hands, especially after direct contact with the patient's skin. Includes blood, body fluids, and objects around the patient.
• Avoid corpse cleansing rituals without proper protective equipment.
• Dispose of disposable medical equipment, such as syringes, carefully.
• Isolate Ebola patients or those suspected of having Ebola in a special room and limit the number of visitors to a minimum.

Until now, experts are still examining the effectiveness of ebola vaccine (VSV-EBOV). Currently the study has entered the final stage and will be recorded and assessed to determine whether the vaccine is effective in humans to prevent ebola.

Prevention, causes and treatment of flu

Treatment of Flu Disease

Flu usually does not need to be handled by a doctor. You can treat this condition yourself at home. Simple treatment steps that you can do in between are enough rest, eating fruits and vegetables, and keep your body temperature normal.

Increasing fluid consumption is an important step in avoiding dehydration which is one of the complications of the flu. When you are flu and dehydrated, the body will lose sugar, salt, and fluids. You can try drinking liquids containing sugar and electrolytes / ions to restore the fluid balance in the body.

In addition to the above self-help steps, you can also take over-the-counter medicines on the market when needed, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. Both of these drugs can reduce fever and reduce aches. You are not allowed to take antibiotics because these drugs only serve to kill bacteria, not kill the virus as a cause of flu.

There are several groups of people who are susceptible to flu-related complications, including pregnant women, the elderly, people with low immunity, and serious illness (eg heart failure). Therefore, doctors will usually give antiviral drugs to those at risk.

There are two types of antivirus currently widely used to overcome the flu, namely oseltamivir and zanamivir. However, the benefits and side effects of both drugs are still a debate to date.

Several studies have shown that tamiflu has been shown to be less effective in reducing the risk of flu complications. In addition, about 50% of patients who took this drug showed symptoms of serious side effects, such as the impact on innervation, psychological conditions, and digestive system. Consult your doctor for the right treatment.

Causes Of Flu

The flu is caused by influenza viruses that can be transmitted either directly or indirectly.

One of the direct contohpenularan is when we accidentally inhaling airborne saliva droplets emitted by flu sufferers through sneezing or coughing. Other examples of direct transmission is when we be shaken with flu sufferers after their hands holding the mouth or nose.

Indirect transmission generally is mediated by objects that have been contaminated by the virus. We can get the flu-infected when holding surface object that has been previously exposed to a spark of salivary granules sufferers. Flu viruses can survive on surfaces for one day. Examples of objects that are often a medium for transmission of the flu virus is a doorknob, telephone, or computer keyboard.

Some steps that we can do to prevent flu transmission are:

• Keep clean.
• Always wash hands before eating, for example, or after traveling.
• Shut the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing.
• Wear a mask while traveling (especially for users vehicles) or when in the vicinity of flu sufferers.
• Ensure your body receives the vitamins and nutrients intake secaracukup and balanced.
• Enough rest.
• Exercise on a regular basis.
• Keep your intake of liquids.

Influenza Vaccination

Influenza vaccine given at Indonesia is the influenza vaccine type A and type b. this influenza vaccine containing the virus is inactive and is given by the way is injected into a muscle (intramuscular). The granting of this vaccine is recommended for:

• All those who are aged 65 years or older.
• Children and adults with chronic urban diseases such as asthma, diabetes, kidney disease, and children with weak body endurance.
• People are often exposed to the influenza virus, for example, health workers, people living the same House with the sufferers, and sitter aged 6-23 months.
• Influenza immunization is also given to healthy children aged 6-23 months.

Vaccination in children can be done since their six-month-old with the frequency of repetition of the one time each year. In children and adults with lower body endurance, gift given only twice with an interval of one month from the giving of the first vaccine.

Although influenza vaccine recommended for nearly everyone, there are certain conditions which are not recommended to receive influenza vaccine, among other things:

• People who experience allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) great on awarding the previous vaccines.
• People who eat eggs after experiencing swelling in the lips or tongue, or experiencing distres breath or passing out.
• Someone who is experiencing a high fever.

Side effects of influenza vaccines which are fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, and headaches. While side effects are rare is sneezing, shortness of breath, pain in the ear, and itching.