Hepatitis A virus you should know !!

Hepatitis A is a disease caused by type A hepatitis virus and attacks human liver cells. Every year in Southeast Asia, hepatitis A cases affect about 400,000 people per year with mortality rates up to 800 people. Most people with hepatitis A are children.

Early symptoms that may arise include fever, nausea, vomiting, joint and muscle pain, and diarrhea. When the liver is already attacked, there are some other symptoms that will appear, namely dark urine, pale stools, jaundice and itching. In addition, the upper right abdominal area will also be painful especially if pressed.

But not all people have symptoms of hepatitis A. Therefore, the disease is sometimes difficult to realize. Only one in ten people with hepatitis A under 6 years old suffer from jaundice. While in adolescents and adults, this disease usually causes more severe symptoms and 70 percent of them will experience jaundice.

Unlike the other two types of hepatitis namely hepatitis B and hepatitis C, infection caused by hepatitis A does not cause long-term liver disorders (chronic), and rarely fatal. However, hepatitis A can lead to the emergence of symptoms of acute liver damage, which is quite dangerous and potentially life-threatening.

Cause and Transmission of Hepatitis A

The cause of this disease is the hepatitis A virus that can spread very easily. The main way of transmission is through food or drink that has been contaminated by stools of hepatitis A. Some risk factors that can increase the spread of this virus include:

• Poor sanitation.
• Contact directly with the person.
• Share a syringe.
• Having sex with people, especially anal sex.
• Men who have sex with men.
• Work in areas related to dirt, eg sewers.

Treatment of Hepatitis A

This disease does not have special handling measures because the immune system will eliminate the virus by itself.

However, your doctor may prescribe medications to relieve the symptoms experienced by the person. Treatment involves taking itchy medication, sickness, nausea and vomiting according to dose. Liver organs also need to be allowed to rest for example by not consuming liquor and be careful with drugs that can affect the liver.

The time it takes the person to fully recover from the disease is usually a few months. Persons who successfully recover completely will have immunity against this disease.

Risk of Hepatitis A Complications

Hepatitis A infection generally does not cause long-term (chronic) liver disease and is rarely fatal. However, this disease has the potential to cause liver failure, especially in those who have had liver disease prior to hepatitis A infection and elderly patients. In addition, in some patients with this infection can relapse or back again.

Ways to Prevent Hepatitis A

Because the main spreading is through the consumption of contaminated things, the main step of prevention of hepatitis A is to maintain cleanliness. This step can be done easily, such as always washing hands, avoid consumption of raw or undercooked foods and avoid consumption of raw water that is not guaranteed cleanliness.

In addition, hepatitis A vaccination can also prevent this disease. Especially for those who have a high risk such as people who suffer from chronic liver disease, as well as users of unsterile needle syringes.

Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment of Measles

Symptoms Measles

The appearance of early symptoms of measles occurs about one to two weeks after contracting the virus. These symptoms will disappear about two weeks later. Here are the initial symptoms that will be experienced by people with measles:

• Eyes red, swollen, and sensitive to light.
• Signs resembling a cold (eg sore throat, dry cough, and runny nose).
• Small, grayish white patches in the mouth and throat.
• High fever.
• Limp and tired.
• Pain.
• Do not get excited and lose your appetite.
• Diarrhea
• Throws up.

Measles rashes appear no later than four days after the first symptoms appear, and last about seven days. It will initially appear from behind the ear, then spread to the head and neck, until finally throughout the body. The small-sized patches will swell rapidly, until eventually it fuses.

You should contact your doctor, clinic, or the nearest hospital if you suspect your child has measles.

Prevention of Measles

The best way to prevent measles is by immunization since childhood. There are two choices of measles vaccination. The first is a measles-specific vaccine that the government enters into a compulsory immunization program. This vaccine is given at the age of 9 months, 2 years, and 6 years. The second type of vaccine is the MMR which is a joint vaccine for measles, mumps and German measles. This vaccine is given at the age of 12-13 months and at the age of 3-5 years.

A newborn will have antibodies to measles if the mother has had measles or has received measles vaccinations before becoming pregnant. These antibodies will provide protection for the first few months. Therefore a special vaccine for measles or MMR should be given when a baby is over half a year old.

Both types of measles vaccine above are not recommended for pregnant women who have not been protected from measles. But for women who want to get pregnant and have not been exposed to measles, he can be vaccinated against measles. See a doctor for more information about measles and its effects on pregnant women.

Measles is very contagious. If you suffer from measles, avoid the crowded center at least four days after the appearance of the measles rash for the first time. This is important to avoid infections spread to others. Avoid direct contact with people susceptible to viral infections such as toddlers, young children, and pregnant women.

Measles Treatment

Diagnosis of measles usually can be enforced by the doctor just by looking at the characteristics of spots or rashes that are in the mouth and based on the explanation of the symptoms you experience.

However, in some cases, your doctor may advise you to perform a simple blood test as well as examination of viral cultures from saliva to confirm the diagnosis. However, these two tests are rarely done unless you show less obvious symptoms.

The human immune system will naturally fight against measles virus infection. There is no specific medicine for treating measles. The condition of the patient will usually improve without special treatment within one to two weeks.

Before the immune system against viral infections, the body will feel less comfortable due to symptoms of measles experienced. There are several ways that can help the body's immune against measles virus, among them:

Increase Fluid intake

Give plenty of drinking water to the child to avoid dehydration. Water consumption can also relieve a sore throat due to cough. Remember that when the body is on a fever, the need for fluids increases.

Controlling Fever and Reducing Pain

Generally for adults who experience fever and pain, consumption of paracetamol or ibuprofen can be done. You can also provide paracetamol in liquid form for your child.

Drugs When and After Measles Attack

Drugs like Vitamin A and antibiotics may be prescribed by a doctor once symptoms appear. In addition, measles vaccination options are also available. For example a measles prevention shot that can be given 72 hours after symptoms appear or injection of immune globulin serum for infants or pregnant women after 6 days of exposure to the virus. Talk to your doctor to find out the right treatment for you or your child.

Overcoming Eye Sickness

Use a water-soaked cotton cloth to clean eye droppings during measles infections. Eye of measles sufferers will become more sensitive to light. To overcome this, close the window with a curtain or replace the dimmer light at night.

Treating Other Symptoms

There are likely to appear similar symptoms such as runny nose like a runny nose or cough. You can eat hot drinks to relieve these symptoms. In addition, you can do inhalation therapy of steam.

For small children, you can bathe with warm water. Warm drinks containing lemon and honey can be given to small children. Keep in mind that giving honey is not recommended for children under one year.

Be aware of the Serious Disease

Be aware of the possibility of complications when the body is at war with this infection. Signs of the emergence of more serious conditions are:

• Decreased awareness, marked one by constantly feeling sleepy.
• Symptoms of dehydration, such as dry mouth or reduced frequency of urination.
• Coughing up blood.
• Convulsions.
• Confusion.
• Hard to breathe.
• Pain in the chest, especially when breathing.

Call or come directly to the nearest hospital if you or a family member has any of the above symptoms.

Causes and understanding of typhoid fever

Typhus or typhoid fever is a disease that occurs due to Salmonella typhi bacterial infection and is commonly spread through contaminated food and drink. Diseases that occur in developing countries and experienced by these children can be life-threatening if not handled properly and quickly.

Typhus can be transmitted quickly. Typhoid fever infection occurs when a person consumes a food or drink that has been contaminated with a small amount of stool containing bacteria. In rare cases, transmission occurs due to exposure to bacterial infected urine.

Typhus case

Based on a study, it was found that typhus affects 800 to 100 thousand Indonesians throughout 2008. This proves that typhoid is still an endemic disease and serious health problem in this country.

Poor sanitation and limited access to clean water are thought to be the main causes of developing typhoid fever. Incomplete immune system is thought to be the cause of the disease is more experienced by the children.

Main Symptoms: High Fever

Typhus symptoms generally begin appearing 1-3 weeks after the body is infected, with the following characteristics:

• High fever
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Headache
• Stomach ache

This condition may worsen in a few weeks. If not treated immediately, there can be complications such as internal bleeding or rupture of the digestive system (gut). The risk of complications will also develop to be life-threatening if the situation is not addressed properly.

Home or Hospital Treatment?

If not treated properly, it is estimated that 1 in 5 people will die of typhus. While those who remain alive are at risk of suffering from infectious complications.

Typhus is typically treated with antibiotics. The decision of treatment at home or in hospital depends on the severity experienced. If typhoid is diagnosed at an early stage, you can undergo home treatment with antiobiotic treatment for 1-2 weeks.

Hospital care is necessary if the late typhoid is diagnosed or already in an advanced stage.

Typhoid Vaccination

In Indonesia, typhoid vaccine as a typhoid prevention into immunization is recommended by the government, but not yet entered into the mandatory category. Typhoid vaccine is given to children over two years old and repeated every three years. Typhoid immunization in Indonesia is done in the form of injections in toddlers and in oral form in children over the age of six years.

As with other vaccines, typhoid vaccine does not provide 100 percent protection. Children who have been immunized typhoid can still be infected, but the rate of infection experienced by a vaccinated child will not be as heavy as those who have not been vaccinated at all.

Vaccination is also recommended for people who intend to work or travel to areas that are being hit by cases of typhus spread. Another precaution that also needs to be done is to pay attention to food and drink to be consumed.

If you and your child intend to eat outdoors, should avoid eating in the open are easily exposed to bacteria and are advised to consume beverages in packaging.

Causes Typhus

Typhoid-causing bacteria , Salmonella typhi, enter the intestine through contaminated food or drink to then breed in the gastrointestinal tract. High fever, abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhea will arise when these bacteria have multiplied.

These bacteria are related, but not the same as the salmonella bacteria that cause a person to be food poisoning.

Bad Sanitation is a major cause of transmission

Feces containing Salmonella typhi bacteria are the main source of transmission of typhus. These feces are produced by people who have been infected first. In a country like Indonesia, the spread of Salmonella typhi bacteria usually occurs through the consumption of water contaminated with infected feces.

The same impact occurs in foods that are washed with contaminated water. This condition is mainly due to poor sanitation and access to clean water.

These bacteria can also spread if people who have been infected with bacteria do not wash their hands before touching or processing food. The spread of bacteria occurs when there are others who eat food that is touched by the hand of the person.

People who eat processed foods will also be infected if the processor does not wash his hands after urination because transmission can also occur from urine with bacteria, although this way is more rare.

Some of the following situations may also be the cause of the spread of typhoid:

• Eating seafood from water contaminated with urine and feces infected
• Eating seafood from contaminated water urine and feces infected
• Eating vegetables using fertilizer consisting of infected human waste
• Eating dairy products that have been contaminated
• Using toilets that are contaminated with bacteria. You will become infected if you touch your mouth before washing your hands after having a bowel movement.
• Perform oral sex with carriers of Salmonella typhi bacteria.

If not treated promptly, Salmonella typhi will spread throughout the body by entering the blood vessels. Typhus symptoms will worsen if bacteria have spread beyond the digestive system. In addition, spreading bacteria can damage organs and tissues and cause serious complications. The most common conditions occur are internal bleeding or leaking bowel.

Understanding, symptoms and healing Polio disease

Polio or poliomyelitis is a highly contagious viral disease and attacks the nervous system, especially in infants who have not done polio vaccination. In severe cases, the disease can cause breathing difficulties, paralysis, or and death.

Symptoms of Polio Disease

Most people with polio do not realize that they are infected because the polio virus initially causes little or no symptoms.

Polio sufferers are divided into three groups, namely non-paralysis polio, polio paralysis, and post-polio syndrome.

Polio non-paralysis

Polio non-paralysis is a type of polio that does not cause paralysis. Symptoms are mild. The following are symptoms of non-paralytic polio that generally last from one to ten days.

• Gag
• Weak muscles
• Fever
• Meningitis
• Feeling tired
• Sore throat
• Headache
• Legs, hands, neck, and back feel stiff and sore

Polio paralysis

Polio paralysis is the most severe type of polio and can cause paralysis. Polio paralysis can be divided on the part of the affected body, such as the brainstem, spinal cord, or both.

The early symptoms of polio paralysis are often the same as non-paralysis polio, such as headache and fever. Symptoms of polio paralysis usually occur within a week, among which are serious muscle aches or weakness, the legs and arms feel limp or weak, and loss of body reflex.

Some people with polio paralysis can experience paralysis very quickly or even within hours after infection and sometimes paralysis occurs only on one side of the body. The respiratory tract may be blocked or not working, requiring emergency medical treatment.

Post-polio syndrome

Post-polio syndrome usually affects people who on average 30-40 years have previously had polio disease. Symptoms that often occur include:

• Difficulty breathing or swallowing.
• It's hard to concentrate or remember.
• The joints or muscles become weaker and painful.
• Deformity of the foot or wrist.
• Depression or mood swings easily.
• Sleep disturbance with difficulty breathing.
• Easily tired.
• The muscle mass of the body decreases (atrophy).
• Not strong hold cold temperatures.

Causes of Polio

Polio disease is caused by polio virus that generally enters through food or drink contaminated with feces containing the virus. Just like smallpox, polio only infects humans. In the human body, the polio virus infects the throat and intestines. In addition through the dirt, polio virus can also spread through the liquid droplets that come out when sufferers cough or sneeze. In some conditions, this viral infection can spread to the bloodstream and invade the nervous system.

Immunization or administration of polio vaccine can minimize polio virus infection. Children, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems are particularly susceptible to polio virus if they do not participate in the immunization program or do not have a clean and good sanitation system.

Unvaccinated people will have a high level of risk of contracting polio if they do or experience things like the following.

• Living with a polio patient.
• The immune system is declining.
• Traveling to areas where polio is still common.
• Has performed surgical removal of tonsils.

Polio Diagnosis and Treatment

The initial diagnosis of polio can be done by asking for symptoms experienced by patients, whether they have been given polio vaccine before or made contact with polio patients, and through physical examination. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid, stool, or mucus samples will be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

There is no treatment that can cure polio if the polio virus has infected someone. But there are some things that can be done as a supportive treatment to prevent complications and make the patient feel more comfortable, such as physical therapy to prevent loss of muscle function, painkillers, nutritious diet, adequate rest, and breathing apparatus if necessary. The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the viral infection entering and attacking the body.

Complications Polio

Disabilities, deformities of the feet and hips, as well as temporary or permanent paralysis may result from polio paralysis. Although surgery and physical therapy can be performed to treat a deformity in the joints, this action is not recommended for patients who are in an active polio environment as it may lead to the potential for lifelong disability.

Prevention of Polio

Although it has been declared a polio free country by WHO, did not rule out that this virus can still reappear in Indonesia. This can happen when people infected with polio from other countries enter Indonesia, and transmit the virus to others.

Therefore, preventive measures through vaccination is still very important to do. It aims to provide immunity to polio disease for life, especially in children.

Children should be given four doses of inactivated polio vaccine, ie by the time they are 2 months, 4 months, between 6 - 18 months, and the last one is between 4 and 6 years of age.

Polio vaccines with inactive viruses are likely to be close to 100 percent to effectively prevent polio after three injections, and are safe for people with weakened immune systems. The most common side effects after injection are pain and redness at the point of injection.

Adults who should get a series of polio vaccines are those who have not been vaccinated or vaccinated status is unclear.

The dose of polio vaccination in adults is the first two doses with intervals between 4-8 months, and the third dose between 6-12 months after the second dose. In addition, adult vaccinations can also be made if traveling to a country with an active polio case or interacting with a polio patient.

Some people who are given polio vaccine can experience allergies. Allergic reactions that may occur and usually appear after a few minutes to several hours are dizzy, weak, swollen throat, difficulty breathing, pale, hoarse, biduran, and heart beat fast. Immediately see a doctor if you experience any allergic symptoms after the injection.

Treatment you should know HIV Virus and AIDS

There is no vaccine to prevent HIV and no cure for AIDS, but you can protect yourself from getting infected. The only way to prevent HIV infection is to avoid activities that increase the risk of contracting HIV. Basically, prevention is always better than cure.

The most common ways to become infected with HIV are having unprotected sex, and sharing needles or other syringes. If you are infected with HIV, you can pass it on in these ways. If both partners are infected, still have safe sex. You can catch other types of HIV virus that may not be controlled by the drugs you consume.

Through Sex Relations

The highest risk of HIV infection is transmitted through unprotected sex through vagina and anal. The risk of contracting through oral sex is quite low, but it does not mean zero. Oral sex can transmit other sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis. Toys and sex aids are also at risk in spreading HIV if one of these toys and sex aids is positively infected with HIV.
The best way to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is to use condoms for any type of sex penetration. And use a dental dam to perform oral sex. Dental dam is a sheet of latex fabric. This fabric serves as a barrier between the mouth and the vagina or anus. It aims to reduce the spread of STIs during oral sex.

Take Truvada medicine

For people at high risk of HIV infection, taking emtricitabine-tenofovir (Truvada) drugs may reduce the risk of HIV infection through sexual intercourse. Truvada is also used in HIV care along with other medications.

Condom use

If you do not know your partner's HIV infection status, always use a new condom every time you have anal or vaginal sex. Condoms are available in different shapes, colors, textures, materials, and taste. Condoms are available for both men and women.
Condoms are the most effective form of protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Condoms can be used for any sexual intercourse. It is important to wear condoms before any sexual contact that arises between the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus. HIV can be spread before ejaculation. This occurs when the discharge of the initial fluid from the genitals and from the anus.

Use condoms made from latex or polyurethane (latex and polyurethane) when having sex. Use a condom once you or your partner has an erection, not before ejaculation.

Use of lubricants

Lubricants are used to increase the comfort and safety of sex with the aim of adding moisture to the vagina and anus during sex. Lubricants will reduce the risk of skin sores (tears) in the vagina or anus. The lubricant also prevents the condom from tearing.
Use only water-based lubricants instead of oils. Oil-based lubricants can weaken the power of condoms and can even tear condoms.

Through Needles and Injection

If you use a needle to inject medicine, make sure the needle is sterile. Do not share needles, injections, or injecting equipment again like sponges and fabrics. Sharing needles may increase the risk of getting infected with HIV and other viruses in the blood, such as hepatitis C.
If you want to make a tattoo or piercing, make sure always use a sterile needle and clean. Do not do this activity in place carelessly. Make sure you check the needles used.

Doing circumcision for men

Male circumcision is a surgical procedure to cut the skin at the tip of the penis. Circumcision is done on male genitals can reduce the risk of men affected by HIV.

The Causes of HIV And AIDS What You Should Know !!

The spread of HIV

HIV is not as infectious as that to other people. This virus does not spread through the air like cough and flu virus. HIV lives in the blood and some body fluids. But liquids such as saliva, sweat, or urine can not transmit the virus to others. This is because the content of the virus in the liquid is not enough. The fluids that can transmit HIV into other people's bodies are:

• Blood
• Anal wall
• Breast milk
• Sperm
• Vaginal fluids, including menstrual blood

HIV is not infected from kissing, saliva, bites, sneezing, sharing toiletries, towels, utensils, using the same toilet or pool, bitten by animals or mosquito-like insects. The main ways that viruses can enter the bloodstream are:

• Through open wounds on the skin.
• Through the thin walls of the mouth and eyes.
• Through thin walls inside the anus or genitals.
• Through a direct injection into a blood vessel using an infected needle or injection.

Through sex

Viral spread of the most important is by way of unprotected sex through vagina and anal. Unsecured oral sex is also at risk of infection, but the risk is quite small. The spread of HIV through oral sex will increase if people who have oral sex are sores or there are cuts in the mouth. Or have sex with people who have just been infected with HIV and have many viruses in their bodies.

• The high risk of HIV transmission varies, depending on the type of sexual intercourse.
• Doing oral sex in a man who is HIV positive, and the man ejaculates in the mouth.
• Transmission of HIV can occur when we do oral sex in women who are HIV positive, especially when the woman is menstruating, although the risk is small.
• Receiving oral sex from people with HIV is very low, because HIV is not transmitted through saliva.

In addition to sex, HIV can be transmitted through:

• Blood transfusion.
• From mother to baby, whether during pregnancy, childbirth, or when breastfeeding.
• Sharing needles, whether for piercing or tattooing.
• Share the injections, especially for the heated (injecting drug users).
• Share sex aids with people living with HIV.

The Effects Of HIV In The Human Body

The immune system is in charge of protecting us from attacking diseases. One important element of the immune system is the CD4 cell (one type of white blood cell). These cells protect against a variety of bacteria, viruses, and other germs.

HIV infects the immune system. The virus enters the immune system in CD4 cells. This virus utilizes CD4 cells to multiply itself thousands of times. This self-replicating virus will leave the CD4 cell and kill it at the same time. The more CD4 cells are dead, the immune system will be lower. Until finally, the immune system does not work.

When this process occurs, the body will still feel healthy and no problem. This condition can last for 10 years or even more. And patients can spread the virus in this period.

People at Risk for HIV Infection

Remember that everyone is at risk of HIV infection, regardless of age limit. But there are some groups of people who are at higher risk of HIV infection. They are:

• Users of injecting narcotics.
• People who make tattoos or do piercings.
• People who have unprotected sex either sex, or heterosexual.
• People who live or travel frequently to areas with high HIV rates, such as Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia, and southern America.
• People who perform blood transfusions in areas with high HIV rates.
• People affected by other sexually transmitted infections.
• People who have sex with injecting drug users.
• HIV and AIDS Symptoms HIV Diagnosis d

Diagnosis and Symptoms of HIV And AIDS

Diagnosis of HIV And AIDS

People who have recently become infected with HIV will experience symptoms like flu. This occurs for approximately one month to two months after infection. Early symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and the appearance of a rash. But, some people who suffer from HIV do not feel the signs and symptoms for years.

Just by having an HIV test, we can know for sure whether we are infected or not. The faster the HIV is detected, the treatment success rate will be higher. If you feel you are at risk of HIV infection, consult your nearest doctor or health clinic.

Do not delay treatment after you know you have been infected with HIV. If it's too late, the virus can quickly spread into the immune system. This can interfere with your health. You can also avoid spreading the virus to people closest or to others.

Conducting HIV / AIDS Test

To test whether we are infected with HIV, one of the most common tests is a blood test. Blood will be checked in the laboratory. This test serves to find antibodies to HIV in the blood. However, this new blood test can be trusted if done at least a month after HIV infection, because antibodies to HIV do not form immediately after the initial infection. Antibodies to HIV take about two weeks to six months, before finally appearing in the blood.

The period between HIV infection and the formation of antibodies sufficient to show positive test results is referred to as the "window time". At this time, an HIV-infected person can transmit the virus, although blood tests do not show any antibodies to HIV in the blood.

One way to diagnose HIV other than a blood test is the "Point of Care" test. In this test, a sample of saliva from the mouth or a small drop of blood from a finger will be taken, and the results will come out in just a few minutes.

Before a person is given a definitive diagnosis, it is necessary to do several tests to be sure. This is because the window of HIV is long enough. So, the first test results are not necessarily reliable. Test several times if you feel you are at risk of HIV infection.

If tested positive for HIV, some tests should be done to monitor the development of the infection. After that, then can be known when to start treatment of HIV.

Symptoms of HIV And AIDS

HIV infection appears in three stages. The first stage is seroconversion (The specific time period in which HIV antibodies have started to develop against the virus.). The second stage is the time when no symptoms appear. And the third stage is HIV infection turned into AIDS.

HIV infection appears in three stages. The first stage is seroconversion (The specific time period in which HIV antibodies have started to develop against the virus.). The second stage is the time when no symptoms appear. And the third stage is HIV infection turned into AIDS.

The first stage

People infected with the HIV virus will suffer from a flu-like illness. After this, HIV does not cause any symptoms for several years. Symptoms such as this flu will appear several weeks after infection. This period of time is often referred to as seroconversion.

It is estimated, about 8 out of 10 people infected with HIV experience this. The most common symptoms are:

• Sore throat
• Fever
• Rashes appear on the body, usually not itchy
• Swollen lymph smears
• Weight loss
• Diarrhea
• Fatigue
• Painful joints
• Muscle ache

The symptoms above can last for one to two months, or even longer. This is a sign of the immune system being against the virus. But, these symptoms can be caused by diseases other than HIV. This condition is not solely due to HIV infection.

Perform an HIV test if you feel you are at risk of infection or when the symptoms mentioned above appear. But keep in mind, not everyone has the same symptoms as mentioned above. If you think you've done something that put you at risk of getting infected, visit the nearest clinic or hospital for an HIV test.

Second Phase

Once the initial symptoms disappear, HIV usually does not cause further symptoms for years. This period is called the incubation period, or latency period. The virus continues to spread and damage the immune system. At this stage, you will feel healthy and no problem. We may not be aware of HIV, but we can transmit this infection to others. The length of this stage can run about 10 years or even more.

Third Stage or the Last Stage of HIV Infection

If left untreated, HIV will weaken the body's ability to fight infection. With this condition, you will be more susceptible to serious illness. This final stage is better known as AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). The following are symptoms that appear in the last stage of HIV infection:

• Lymph nodes or lymph nodes swell at the neck and groin.
• Fever lasting more than 10 days.
• Feeling tired almost every time.
• Sweating at night.
• Weight loss down unknown cause.
• Purple spots are not lost on the skin.
• Hard to breathe.
• Severe and sustained diarrhea.
• Fungal infections of the mouth, throat, or vagina.
• Easily bruised or bleeding without cause.

The risk of a deadly disease will increase at this stage. For example, cancer, tuberculosis, and pneumonia. But despite this deadly disease, HIV treatment can still be done. Early treatment can help improve health.

What is HIV and Aids ... ??

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus attacks the immune system and weakens the body's ability to fight infections and diseases.
HIV can not be cured, but there are treatments that can be used to slow the progression of the disease. This treatment will also make the sufferer live longer, so that can live life normally.

With early HIV diagnosis and effective treatment, people living with HIV will not turn into AIDS. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection. At this stage, the body's ability to fight infection is completely gone.

The spread of HIV

HIV is a fragile type of virus. Can not last long outside the human body. HIV can be found in the body fluids of an infected person. The fluid in question is fluid sperm, vaginal fluid, anal fluid, blood, and breast milk. HIV can not spread through sweat or urine.
In Indonesia, the cause and spread of HIV / AIDS virus is divided into two main groups, namely through unsafe sex and needle-sharing syringes when using narcotics.

Here are some other ways of spreading HIV:

• Transmission from mother to baby during pregnancy, when giving birth or breastfeeding.
• Through oral sex.
• Use of sex aids together or alternately.
• Through blood transfusions from an infected person.
• Use needles, injection, and other contaminated injecting equipment, such as sponges and cleaning cloths.

Step Treatment For HIV Patients

Although there is no cure to completely eliminate HIV, the current HIV treatment steps are quite effective. Treatment can extend the life of HIV sufferers and they can live a healthy lifestyle.

There are drugs known as antiretrovirals (antiretrovirals) that act to inhibit the virus in damaging the immune system. The drugs are administered in the form of tablets consumed daily. You will be advised to do a healthy lifestyle. For example healthy food, not smoking, getting an annual flu vaccine, and five-year pneumococcal vaccine. It aims to reduce the risk of dangerous diseases.

Without treatment, people with HIV-infected immune systems will drop dramatically. And they tend to suffer life-threatening diseases such as cancer. This is known as late-stage HIV or AIDS.

How to Prevent HIV

The best way to prevent HIV is to have sex safely, and never share needles, and any injecting equipment. All who have had unprotected sex and shared needles or injections are at greater risk of becoming infected with HIV.

Symptoms, causes and treatment of mumps

Mumps is a disease that causes the parotid glands (salivary glands) to swell due to viral infections. This gland is located just below the ears beside the face. Therefore, people who experience mumps, the side of his face will look bigger.

Mumps disease is a contagious disease and is commonly afflicted by children. This disease is caused by one of the virus from the family of paramyxovirus which spread similar to flu virus, for example if we also take in the air contaminated with mump virus when near the sufferers of sneezing or coughing.

The spread of mumps virus can also occur indirectly or through intermediate media, for example we use glasses or towels that are also used by people with mumps. Another example is when people with mumps touch their mouth or nose, then their hands that have been contaminated with the virus holding the door handle, then we also have a chance of contracting if you hold the handle of the door.

The mumps virus will enter the respiratory tract and then to the parotid gland to multiply and incubate for fourteen to twenty-five days.

Symptoms of mumps

Once the mump virus incubates, the symptoms will appear. In addition to swelling of the parotid gland that causes the patient's facial side to appear enlarged, mumps can also cause other symptoms, such as:

• Joint pain
• High fever
• Dry mouth
• Abdominal pain
• Missing appetite
• Tired
• Headache

The symptoms are often felt before the swelling of the parotid gland occurs and when it happens swelling, usually the patient will have difficulty swallowing and feel the pain on the side of the face.

Diagnosis of mumps

Although mumps are not a serious disease, it is advisable to see a doctor if you or your child has symptoms. Doctors need to make sure that you are sick of mumps because there are some other more serious diseases (eg tonsillitis and glandular fever) whose symptoms are similar to mumps.
Diagnosis is usually obtained by a doctor after checking the patient's body temperature, see and touch the swelling on the side of the face, and after doing a mouth exam to see tonsillectomy.

Mumps treatment

Until now there is no drug that can overcome mumps. Recovery comes after our own immune system manages to fight infection. While the immune system performs recovery, we also need to take care steps to relieve symptoms.
Compress parts that are swollen and sore with warm water. In addition, it is recommended to get enough rest and drink plenty of water. Do not consume drinks that can irritate the parotid gland, such as fruit juice, and consumption of soft foods to avoid the pain of chewing.

Take painkillers (eg paracetamol or ibuprofen) that have been prescribed by your doctor at the recommended dosage. Mumps usually recover within 1-2 weeks. If after that period the symptoms of mumps do not show signs of improving or even suddenly worsening, see your doctor again.

Complications of mumps

In addition to infecting the parotid gland, the mumps can also contaminate the fluid that protects the spine and brain (cerebrospinal fluid), and may subsequently spread to other parts of the body, such as attacking the pancreas, brain, ovaries, or testes.
If the spread to these parts has occurred, it can lead to complications, among others:

• Testicular swelling. Testicular swelling usually begins on days four to eight days after parotid gland swelling in patients who have reached puberty. If you experience this condition, compress your testicles with warm water or take painkillers. Ibuprofen or paracetamol can be consumed to relieve pain. Also, use comfortable underwear. Once cured, testicular swelling very rarely causes a decrease in sperm volume, testicular shrinkage, or even sterility.
• Swelling of the ovaries. Just as testicular swelling, ovarian swelling cases are also only potentially occurring in women who suffer from mumps after puberty. This condition is not classified as serious and will heal by itself after the immune system successfully overcome mumps. Symptoms that usually appear are nausea, fever, and pain in the lower abdomen.
• Acute pancreatitis. In the case of acute pancreatitis associated with mumps, the symptoms are usually mild. In addition to pain in the middle of the stomach that feels suddenly, people with this complication also has the potential to experience diarrhea, fever, nausea, and loss of appetite. Although relatively mild, doctors can encourage patients to be hospitalized until the condition of the pancreas organ recovered.
• Viral meningitis. Meningitis in this type is different from the lethal meningitis caused by bacteria. This type of meningitis only causes mild symptoms, such as flu and can usually heal within two weeks. In addition to flu-like symptoms, other symptoms are headache, neck feels stiff, and increased eye sensitivity to light.

Mumps prevention

Mumps disease can be prevented as early as possible by giving MMR immunization to your child. Vaccine is administered when the child is 12-18 months old and must be repeated once again when he is 6 years old.

Meanwhile, if we are not getting the vaccine as a child, then we can take preventive steps by always keeping the hand hygiene, not sharing toiletries or eating with others, and wear a mask.

If you or your child already diagnosed with mumps, then do not move outside the house temporarily until healed. The disease is easily transmitted to others, especially a few days before the parotid glands swell for several days afterwards.

If the patient is about to sneeze or cough, should use a tissue to cover the mouth and nose, then dispose of the tissue, then wash the hands thoroughly. By hand washing, then the virus will not stick to other media potentially untouched by others who are still healthy.

Understanding, symptoms and treatment of Swine Flu

Swine flu is a term for one type of influenza caused by the H1N1 virus. The term swine flu arises because the strain of the virus is similar to the influenza virus that causes influenza in pigs.

Swine Flu Symptoms

The incubation period of swine flu is about 24 to 72 hours after the person is exposed to the virus. The disease has symptoms that are similar to the common cold so it is difficult to recognize. Some of the usual indications include:

• Fever.
• Fatigue.
• Pain-stiff.
• Headache.
• Nasal congestion or runny nose.
• The eyes are red and watery.
• Sore throat.
• Cough.

People with flu generally do not need treatment by doctors. But there are some people who are susceptible to complications that require examination by a doctor, that is if a person has the flu and:

• Be under two years old or above 65 years old.
• Is pregnant.
• Chronic illness, such as asthma, heart problems, and diabetes.
• Have a weakened immune system, for example because of HIV.
• Having a profession as a medical worker, such as doctors and nurses.
• Experiencing obesity

Causes and Transmission of Swine Flu

Swine flu is caused by H1N1 virus. Just like other infulenza viruses, the virus will attack cells in the walls of the nose, throat, and lungs.

H1N1 virus transmission is also similar to other influenza viruses, for example from people who sneeze or cough. If the droplets of snot or saliva from the sufferer are attached directly to the surface of the eyes, nose, and mouth, you will experience exposure by the virus. Please remember that this virus can not spread through the consumption of pork.

Swine Flu Treatment and Prevention

Swine flu treatment for each patient is different. This is determined based on the symptoms experienced and the severity, medical history, and physical condition of the patient.

In general, people with swine flu can do their own treatment at home. Simple steps that can be done include:

• Just rest.
• Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.
• Be sure to keep your body warm.

Drugs may also be provided by a doctor if needed. The goal is to reduce the intensity of symptoms experienced by the patient. Examples of the drug include ibuprofen and paracetamol.

However, there are also cases of swine flu that require treatment at the hospital. Especially if the person has a high risk to experience complications. Doctors will usually provide antiviral drugs or antibiotics for those at high risk.

Vaccination and Swine Flu Prevention

The main step to avoid swine flu is to receive influenza vaccine. The vaccine will also help the body to build defense against the H1N1 virus and is generally recommended once a year.

In addition to vaccines, there are some simple ways that we can apply to avoid swine flu while preventing transmission. Among others are:

• Diligently wash hands with water and soap. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer if necessary.
• Avoid direct contact with people as much as possible.
• Do not travel if you are sick.
• If any of your family members has the flu, make sure only you or one of your family cares for it so that other family members avoid the virus exposure.

Symptoms, causes and treats ebola Virus

Ebola became the center of the world's attention because of the recent epidemic. By 2014, the WHO records that there are at least 18,000 cases of ebola occurring in the West African region, with mortality rates reaching 30 percent of all cases

The disease is caused by a virus and can be fatal if it is not treated immediately. Ebola was first discovered in 1976 in Sudan and Congo. Experts suspect that the Ebola virus already lives in the body of fruit-eating bats or codots. The virus then spread to other animals and possibly infect humans through the blood as they clean up the blood of contaminated game animals.

Ebola Virus Spread

Ebola is a deadly disease caused by a virus and spreads through direct contact with blood or body fluids of the patient such as urine, stool, saliva, and semen. In this case, 'direct contact' means blood or other body fluids (such as saliva or snot) of a person who touches his nose, eyes, mouth, or open wound.

Groups of people who are at high risk of contracting the virus are generally families who live at home with patients and people who care for patients such as medical personnel. If any member of your family is suspected of having Ebola, you should not take care of him yourself at home and immediately take him to the hospital.

During treatment, the condition of Ebola sufferers will be carefully monitored. Medical examinations will also be held regularly as they remain potentially infectious of this disease as long as the blood and body fluids still contain the virus.

The environment surrounding contaminated Ebola virus is also at risk of transmitting the disease. For example, clothes, bed sheets, and syringes former patients. Therefore, family and medics treating Ebola sufferers need to increase alertness and maximize the protection used.

Ebola virus can survive outside the body for several days, including on the patient's skin. Therefore, the funeral tradition that requires family or close friends to bathe the body also has the potential to transmit Ebola virus. Family and medical personnel are advised to handle the body of Ebola sufferers with maximum protection. The funeral process should be left to trained and experienced parties in handling similar cases.

In contrast to cases of flu or chicken pox that are transmitted through saliva that is in the air, the Ebola patient's body fluid requires direct contact for contagion. Droplets of saliva or snot of Ebola sufferers who accidentally sneeze or cough can only transmit the virus if exposed to the nose, eyes, mouth, and open wounds of a person. Therefore, the spread of Ebola through coughing or sneezing is rare.

Ebola Symptoms

The incubation period (the time between the entry of the virus into the body until the first symptoms appear) of Ebola disease is about 2 to 21 days. Please keep in mind that the Ebola virus transmission only begins to occur when the symptoms are present.

A number of early symptoms that indicate this disease will attack suddenly. Such indications include:

• Fever.
• Headache.
• Feel very weak.
• Pain in muscles and joints.
• Sore throat.

After the symptoms above, will appear follow-up symptoms in the form:

• Gag.
• Stomach ache.
• Diarrhea.
• Rash.
• Impaired liver and kidney function.
• Bleeding in the body that sometimes also comes out through the mouth, nose, eyes, or ears.

Ebola virus can spread quickly and is very deadly, so avoid direct contact with the patient. If you suspect you or any of your family members contracted the Ebola virus, see your doctor immediately for a checkup.

Ebola Diagnosis Process

Ebola is a disease that is difficult to detect because its initial symptoms are similar to other diseases, such as malaria and cholera. The diagnosis of viral infection can only be confirmed by laboratory examination.

To confirm the diagnosis, doctors will recommend a special examination of Ebola virus through blood and fluid from the patient's body. In addition to viral testing, blood test results also usually show low white blood cell count and platelet count, as well as elevated liver enzyme levels.

Ebola Treatment Method

Once positively diagnosed with Ebola, the patient will undergo intensive treatment at the hospital. Rapid and appropriate medical treatment is key in the major increase the likelihood of patient safety.

No drugs have been found to combat the Ebola virus. But research continues to find effective vaccines and drugs to treat the disease.

Treatment is only intended to support the patient's immune in fighting the virus. Patients will generally receive fluids through an IV to prevent dehydration. As long as the body combats Ebola's disease, blood pressure, blood oxygen levels, and the function of the patient's organs should be maintained to the maximum extent possible.

Steps to Prevent Spread of Ebola Virus

The earliest transmission of Ebola virus is through contact with infected animals that spread directly to the patient. Here are some steps we can take to prevent, while limiting the spread of the virus:

• Find out more information about Ebola virus.
• If any family member or anyone around you who may be infected by Ebola, immediately take them for an examination and treatment at the hospital.
• Avoid sexual intercourse with ebola patients without using a safety (condom). Numerous studies show that the ebola virus is still detectable in male cement fluid, even for months after the man is declared cured of ebola.
• Always wash hands with water and soap. Alcohol-based hand sanitizing fluid is also useful.
• Avoid direct contact with skin, blood, and body fluids.
• Do not hold objects around the patient, such as clothing, or sheets.
• The body of Ebola sufferers should be treated with maximum protection and by trained and experienced parties in handling such cases.
• Avoid traveling to areas with high Ebola cases.
• If you are in an area at risk of transmitting Ebola, avoid contact with animals that potentially transmit it, including flesh or blood. For example, fruit-eating bats or codots and monkeys.
• Wash and peel fruits and vegetables before consumption.
• Cook the meat of animals and vegetables until they are completely cooked before they are consumed.

Especially for medical personnel, there are some precautions that should be taken to minimize the risk of contracting Ebola. Among others:

• Be careful when handling blood, body fluids, catheters, and when installing a patient infusion.
• Use maximum protection, for example by wearing masks, gloves, as well as shirts and protective goggles.
• Always wash hands, especially after direct contact with the patient's skin. Includes blood, body fluids, and objects around the patient.
• Avoid corpse cleansing rituals without proper protective equipment.
• Dispose of disposable medical equipment, such as syringes, carefully.
• Isolate Ebola patients or those suspected of having Ebola in a special room and limit the number of visitors to a minimum.

Until now, experts are still examining the effectiveness of ebola vaccine (VSV-EBOV). Currently the study has entered the final stage and will be recorded and assessed to determine whether the vaccine is effective in humans to prevent ebola.